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TABLE oF CoNTENTS
Chapter One：Anglo-American Law and You 1
Section One：Political and Moral Perspective 1
Section Two：Anglo-American Law Defined 2
A． Common Law Countries 3
B·subjects 0f the Common Law 4
Section Three：Study 0f Anglo-American Law—Why，What and How 4
A·What Is or Counts as Foreign Law—Deftnition and Clafification 5
B·Why for Study of Anglo-American Law 5
C．Reasons for Study—Summary 7
D． Implications 0f Globalization of Law：International Trade．Commerce and
Private Law—Unification and Uniform Application 8
E．Similarity 0f Private Law Worldwide 9
Section Four：Factors and Considerations Affecting Choice 0f
Foreign Law 11
A．Foreign Law Chosen on the Basis 0f Shared History and Tradition 11
B． Foreign Law Chosen on the Basis of Supefior Human Value Conditions 11
C·Foreign Law Chosen 0n the Basis of Special Relationship 11
D· Foreign Law Chosen 0n the Basis 0f Superior Legal Structure and Framework 11
E． Foreign Law Chosen on the Basis 0f the Rationality of Substantive Content
0f Its Law。 12
Section FiVe：Methodology and Approach of Foreign Law Study 13
A．How Should Anglo-American Law Be Studied 13
Section Six：Importance of Knowledge 0f Legal Research and Legal
Materials 16
Section Seven：Need for Study 0f Foreign Law in Vernacular 17
Section Eight：What 0r the Subject Matter 0f Study 17
A·Hot Topics and In—Demand Subject or Issue：Reactive Research 17
B·Topics or Issues for Scholarly and Theoretical Research 18
C·Study the Common Law 88 a Unique Legal System 18
D．Study the Philosophical Ideas Informing Anglo—American Law l9
Section Nine：Sources，Texts and MaterialS Of Study of
Angl0．American Law 20
Section Ten：Conditions and Factors Determinative of the Need and
Viability of Legal Transplant 2D
Chapter TWO：Sources 0f LaW in GeneraI 22
Section One：C0des and Statutes 22
Section TWO：Regulations，Decrees and Administrative Directives 22
Section Three：Binding Nature or Significance of AdministratiVe
Directives 23
SectiOil FOUr：Judicial Deeisions 23
Section Five：Non．state or Unofficial Sources of Law 24
Section Six：Legal Pluralism and Legal Centralism——Written Law V．
Unwritten Law，Express v．Implicit Law，Law in Book
v．Law in Action 26
A．Pre．(state)Law 26
B．Relative Insignificance of Judicial Law(Settlement of Disputes) 27
C．Implicit Law．Unwritten or Autonomous Ordering 28
Section Seven：Custom 33
Section Eight：Sources of American Law Worthy of Special Mention 35
A．Statute Law 36
B．Constitution as Source 37
C．Treaties and International Agreements 38
D．Administrative Law 38
E．Compilations and Consolidations of Laws 38
F．Coufl Rules 39
G．Uniform State Law 39
H．Secondary Authority 40
I．Restatement of Law：Nature and Status 40
J．View of Formalism vs．Realism as to What Counts as Law 4l
K．Authoritative and Effective Decision as Source 42
L．Integration of All Sources of Law—Generating Actions and Decisions 43
Chapter Three：The Common Lllw 44
Section One：Historical Development 0f the Common Law 44
A．First：The Anglo—Saxon Period(Preceding the NorlIian Conquest，1066) 44
B．Second：Formation of the Common Law(1066——1485)：From Writs
to Actions on the Case 44
C．Third Period：Growth of Equity(1485—1832) 46
D．Fourth：The Modera Period ‘ 49
Section Two：Special Charactel"0f English Law 5O
A．Distinct CharaeteristiCS 0f English Common Law 5l
B．Courts Decide Fate of Statutes Through Interpretation 54
C．US Courts Incorporate Legislative Innovations and Policies into Common
Law Principles 54
D．Courts Apply Principles Derived Ftom Statutes 55
Section Three：Certain CharacteristicS 0f the Common Law Authoritv 55
Section Four：Source$of the British Common Law 56
Section Five：Importance of Legal Structure，Defining Categories
and Concepts 57
Section Six：English Judicial Organization 57
Section Seven：Judicial Authority in England 6O
Seetion Eight：Forrn and Content of English Judgments 6O
Chapter FOur：Legal System and Foundation of Law of the United States 62
Section One：General Remark 62
Section Two：Reasons for Choiee 0f FOCUS 62
Section Three：SDirit and Fundamental CharacteristiCS 0f American
Law and Societv 63
A．Liberry，Rights and Government by Consent 63
B． Individualism，Competing Values and Personal Choice 63
C．Distrust of Government：Separation and Limitation of Powers，Checks and
Balances，Political Accountability and the BiU of Rights 63
D．Pragmatism in Law 65
E．Government under the Rule of Law 66
F．Tolerance 67
G．0ptimism 67
H．Unity Out of Diversity 68
I．Diversity as Divisiveneas：Disquieting Factors and Troubling V0ices 68
Section Four：Basic Constitutional and Political Structure 69
Section FiVe：Division and LimitS Of Legal Authority of the United States 70
A．0riginality of American Law 71
B． Place of Statute in American Law：The Abnormal 0r Excessive Attitude
toward Statute 71
SectiOil Six：AUocation of Legal Authority between Federal and
State Govemmeilts 72
A．1nherent Legal Authority of the States 72
B．Jurisdiction of Federal LaW VS．Jurisdiction of State Law 72
C．Supremacy ClaUSe 74
D．PteemDtion Controversies 74
E． Derivative PrinCiple 0f PreemptiOn Clause 75
F． COntinued 1mportance of State and Local Law 75
SectiOil Seven：Judicial Organization 75
A．organiz8tiOil Of COlins 75
B． Administrative AgencieS alld Tribunals 76
C．State Courts 77
D．Jury 77
SectiOil Eight：AllOCation of Judicial AuthOrity 78
A．Gelleral AUoc砒ion 78
B．Two Primary Bases of Federal Jurisdiction 78
c．strueture Parallel Systeins of Adjudicati。n：Judieialal Dualism 79
D．Foreign Sovereign Itumuliities Act，28 u．S．C para． 1330 79
E．Jurisdicti011 of the Supreme Court 8O
SectiOil NiRe：Reception of the COmlTlOn Law in the United States 8l
A．Ignorance and Slight。f the Common Law 82
B．Influence of the Codi6cation Movement 82
C．TriumDh ofthe Comnlon Law 82
SectiOil Ten_-Is There a United States Common Law or a Distinct
Common Law for Each State Individually 84
A． Different Social alld Economic coilditions ProdliCed Diverse common Law 84
B． Conimon Law Develop s along the Same Line alld Way as Legislation：
Federal alld State 84
c．complicating Factors 85
Section Eleven：The C0hesion and Unity of Ametican Law 87
Section Twelve：Unifying State Common Laws—Role of State and
not Federal Courts 87
Section Thirteen：Codification of American Common Law 88
Section Fourteen：A Systematic Statement of the Common Law 89
Section Fifteen：Protection from the Burdens of Multi．State
Legal Authority 89
A．Tradition of Uniform Laws 90
B．Constitutional Limit on the Reach of State Court Jurisdiction and Choice
of Law 9l
C．Negative Commerce Clause 92
Chapter Five：Case L8W：Form．Nature and Function of
Judicial Decisions 94
Section one：FOITll and Content of Judicial Decisions 94
Section two：The Judicial Function 94
Section Three：Meaning and Scope of the Rule of Precedent in
British Law 95
Section Four：Doctrine of Stare Decisis and Its Justification 96
Section Five：The Doctrine of Stare Decisis and Ratio Decidendi or
H0lding of a Case 96
Section Six：Transforming Facts into Binding Legal Rules 9 7
Section Seven：In Search of an Ideal Holding or Ratio Decidendi
0f a Case 97
Section Eight：Rule 0f Preeedent and Statute Law 99
Section Nine：Obiter Dictum：Definition and Clarification 100
Section Ten：Ratio，Obiter and PriBeiple 100
Section Eleven：Doctrine of Stare Decisis in U．S．Law 101
Section TwelVe：The Overriding Importance of the Opinions 0f the
Appellate Courts 103
Section Thirteen：Factors Likely to Figure in Distinguishing Decisions 103
Section Fourteen：OppOSing Treatments 0f Precedents 104
Section Fifteen：To Distinguish or To OVeITUle 105
Section Sixteen：Multi-legged H0lding 105
Section Seventeen：The Retroactive Efiect 0f Application 0f Judicial
Decisions 106
Section Eighteen：Contradiction and Tension between Predictabilitv
and Hard Cases 107
Section Nineteen：More Characterizations of the Common Law 108
Section Twenty：Is the Common Law a Living Law 110
Section Twenty—one：The Common Law——Vitality，Staying Powei"
and Continuing Relevance 111
Seetion Twenty-two：Common Law in the Welfae．e State 0f the
Twentieth Century—the Age of Statutes 112
Chaptel"Six：United States LaW in Action：the operatiVe and
Intel'attive Dylllll311ics 114
Section one：The De6ning Character and Spirit of Anglo-American Law 114
Section two：The Contrast between Law in Action and Law in Book 114
Section three：Sites，SoLIrces and Manifestations of Law and Legal
System in Action：State and Non．state 118
Section foIll"：The Life of Law in Common Law America：Selective
Accounts 0f the Interactive Dynamics of E1ite
Power Deeisions 122
A． Check and Balance：The Overriding PriBeiple of Interactivity 122
B． Exemplary Interactive Relationships between the Presiderr，the Congress，
the Court and the States 123
C．Life and Fate of Legislation 127
D．Judicial Attitude toward Legislation：The Legal Standing or Status of
Legi8lation in the Legal System 128
E．Place of Statute in American Law 128
F．Trail8forilling Statutes into Coillmon Law：The Life of StBrute Take8 Oil the
F01-m ofthe Commoll Law 129
G．Nattire alld Content of the United States C0de 129
H．Collstitutional Activism of the Judiciary 130
I． Measul-e8 Takell to Countel-Anti—Demoerati(2 01"Unpopular Judicial RevieW 133
J．Life and Fate of~t Common Law Rule or Commoll Law Cabe 135
K．R0le of Lawyers in Shaping Judicial LaW 137
L．Checking Judicial LgW by Legislative Deeision 01-Exeelltive Action 138
M．Judge8 and Judge．made Law v8．Legislatul-e8 and LegislatiOil 139
N．Scholarly Rendering and Exposition of Legislation 140
，O．Formatioll of Leading Cases：The Role and Contribution of Jurists 141
P． Schol and Scholar’s Law Vel-suB Judges and Judicial Law 141
Q．Sollle Anecdotal 0bservatiORS of the U．S．Legal System in Actioll． 144
R．Conclusion l45
S．In Sear(?h of Emerging Law l46
Section five：Some Critical 0bservatioBS on the LaW of the United
States in Action：Phenomenon of Idealization of Law．
Juridification Saturation 0f SOCiety and
Hypertrophying of Law and Legal Reason l48
Section six：Modes and Levels of Dispute Resolution l50
Section seven：Critique 0f the Efficiently Processed Dispute Theory
and Its NotorioUS ConclUSioas l5l
Chapter Seven：Good Legal System，Good Laws and Good Decision．
nlakers Lawyers l56
Section One：Legal System and System of Law Distinguished l56
Section TWO：G00d Legal System Produces Good Laws l58
A·The Formal and Proeedural Requirements for a G00d Legal System l58
B．Legal Proteduralism l59
Section Three：G00d Law Informs Good Legal System l6l
A·SubstantiVe Moral Requirements for a Good Legal System l6l
B．Democratic Foundation and Spirit of Law and Legal System l62
C．Democratizing Law—Making(Authoritative and Efiective Decision)Process l65
D．0pen and Transparent Decision—making l67
E．Elite Powers and Demoeracy l69
F．Equality bef_0re the Law：Equal Protectl‘on of the L8．WS l70
G．Timely Access to the Court l71
Section Four：The Virtue of Legal Simplicity l72
A．General l72
B．Some Defining Elements of Legal Simplicity l78
Section FiVe：The Falsity 0f Legal Conplexity l74
Section Six：Private Ordering Versus State Law l75
Section Seven：Transnational Component ofthe National Legal System l 78
Section Eight：Human Elements of a G00d Legal System and Good Law l79
A．Rule of Law vs．Rule ofMan l79
B．Good Lawyer，G00d Legal System and Good Laws l82
C．Amexican Law Schools and Legal Education l88
D．The Conditions and Requirements of a Good Judge l95
E．Condition and Requirements of a G00d P01itician 201
F． Conditioil and Requirements of a G00d Legal Scholar or Jurist 2D5
G．ConditiOIlS and RequirementS 0f a G00d Citizen 2D9
Chapter Eight：Legal ReasOn and Exeeuting DecisiOn 211
Section one：Law and Legal Reason 2l3
A．Nature of Legal Reason 2l4
B．COntent oT Material Bases 0f Legal ReKSOFt 21 6
C．Distinctive Nature and Superior StatUS 0f Reason 2l8
D．Reason and Discretionary Decision 22l
E．AlJure and Rick of Legal Reason 222
F． Evaluation and Balancing of Reason 224
G．Authoritative and Effective Decisions and Justifying Reason 226
H．Truth and Mvth of Judicial Reason 227
I．Moral，Epistemological Pluralism and Incommensurability 23l
J．LimitS Of Legal Reason and LimitS 0f Knowledge 234
K．Reason Runs 0ut 235
L_subjective versus 0bjective Rcason 23 7，
M．R~ason．Faith and 0ther BeliefSystems 238
N_Belief in Disguise of Reason 24D
O．Legal Reason is a Noble Scam：The Self_referential Nature of Law and
Leg8l Reason 242
P．Beyond Reason，Beyond Law；Without Reason，Withont Law 245
Q．Law，Reason and Deep，Divisive SocialIssues 248
R．Critique of Cynicl’sm，Defeatism and Self_denial of LaW alld Reason一
“As If Jurispmdence'’ 250
S．DOUbters，Law and Legal Reason 25l
T．Truth in Law and Reason 252
U．Emotion in Political and Moval Debate 255
V．Defending and Redeeming Reason 256
W．Re．imagine and Re．coilceptualize Law and Reason 258
Chapter Nine：Civil Litigation 26D
A．General Remarks 26D
B．Start a Lawsuit with a Complaint and a Summons 260
C．Responses to the Complaint 26J
D．Truth and Adversarial Advocacy 263
E．Multi—Party Actions 263
F．Class Action 264
G．DiScovery 265
H．Pre．trial confefence 267
I．Summary Judgment 267
J．Trial 268
K．Jury Trial and Selectioli 269
L．Nature of Jury Decision 269
M．TriaI or Legal Proceedings 269
N．Jury Instructions 271
0．Rogue Juror 272
P．Appeals 274
Q．ReasoEt for Appeal 275
R．nnality Principle 275
S．The“De NOVO 9’Nature of the AppeUant Proceedings 275
T．Brief AmiCUB Curiac 276
U．0ptions of Appellant Ruling 276
V．Judge’s DiscretionAry Rulings 277
Chapter Ten：Legal ReSearch and Legal Materials 278
Sel3tion Oile：Legal Research in General 278
Section TWO：Practical Legal Research 279
A．Identify，Analyze and characterize significant Facts 280
B．Identify and FOITIIUlate Legal Issucs 280
C．Research the Issues and Update Findings 28j
D． Idelltify and A118．1yze Social Change and Ttends 282
Secti011 ThFee：Legal Matel"ials and Publications 282
A．Publications Of Judicial Decisions 283
B．Finding Case Law 285
C．Findjng Legislation 287
D．Finding Legislative Documents 289
E．Finding Administrative Law 289
F．Shepard’s Citatl’ons 290
G．Lexis and Westlaw Online Services 29D
Genel-fll References 293

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