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不过,行政上诉裁判所的政策审查在理论上依然存在很大的争议。一些学者认为,裁判所没有能力在政策决定领域扮演如此重要的角色,允许裁判所进入政策决定领域,不但会导致人们对其司法功能的发挥丧失信心,而且可能导致政府的政策和决定出现不一致,[47]另外一些评论家则将政策审查视为是行政法发展过程中周期性出现的“自大病”。[48]而政策审查的支持者们则认为,很多行政决定都是依据具体的行政政策做出的,如果裁判所不能审查政策问题,那么裁判所的功能就会大大缩减,裁判所也会落入被行政部门“俘获”的危险之中。[49]
【注释】
[1]不过,州政府和一些非政府部门的少量决定也属于联邦行政上诉裁判所的管辖对象。See AAT,Annual Report 2010 -2011,9.
[2]Australian Broadcasting Tribunal v Bond(1990)170 CLR 321.
[3]Administrative Review Council,What decisions should be subject to merit review?,Chapter 3(3.3 - 3.7);Department of Justice and Attorney- General,Administrative Review Policy,Approved by Cabinet,Oct.2008,5.
[4]Re Tradigrain Australia Pty Ltd v Export Development Grants Board (1984),6 ALD 442.Deputy Commissioner of Patents v Board of Control of Michigan Technological University(1979),28 ALR 551.
[5]Lane and Young,Administrative Law in Australia,254 - 255.另外,缔结行政合同的行为是否属于一种“行政决定”,也是有争议的。为了应对这一挑战,联邦行政审查委员会(ARC)在 1998 年的报告中建议将裁判所的审查权限扩展到通过合同执行法定权力以及政府机关在没有法律规定的情况下通过合同履行公务等领域。Administrative Review Council,Recommendations,1998,20 - 21,23 -24.
[6]Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Pochi (1980)4 ALD 139,143(Smithers J).
[7]Drake v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs(1979)24 ALR 577;Re Greenham v Minister for the Capital Territory(1979)2 ALD 137 at 141;Re Wong v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs(2006)91 ALD 149,155ff.
[8]Re Mika Engineering Holding Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Taxation (2006)92 ALD 688,692.
[9]Cf Drake v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1979)2 ALD 60 at 77;Collins v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1981)4 ALD 198 at 202.Re Martin v Commonwealth of Australia(1982)5 ALD 277,285ff.
[10]AAT Act(Cth),s.43(6).
[11]Ibid.,s.43(1).
[12]比如《行政上诉裁判所法案》第 39 条规定,除了例外情况,行政上诉裁判所应当确保所有的当事人可以获得发表观点、提交相关文件的公平机会,当事人还有权查验裁判所做出裁判依据的任何文件。See AAT Act(Cth),s.39.
[13]AAT Act(Cth),s 33(1)(c).
[14]Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs v Eshetu(1999)162 ALR 577 at 588;Trkulja v Administrative Appeals Tribunal [2006]FCA 152.
[15]Re Pochi v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairss (1979)26 ALR 247 at 356ff;Mt Gibson Manager Pty Ltd v Duty Commissioner of Taxation(1997)162 ALR 237,244.
[16]Re Waterford v Director General of Social Services(1980)3 ALD 63.
[17]Re Keane v Australian Postal Commission(1977),1 ALD 53.
[18]数据来源为 AAT Annual Report 2010 - 2011,24[table 3.9].
[19]Douglas,Douglas and Jones’s Administrative Law,289.
[20]Re Ganchov v Comcare (1990)19 ALD 541.
[21]AAT Act(Cth),s.44(1).
[22]在 114 起上诉案件中,有 93 起案件是依照《联邦行政上诉裁判所法案》第 44 条提起的,另外 21 起是依据其他法案提起的。SeeAAT,Annual Report 2010 - 2011,18&25.
[23]Croker v Secretary Department of Employment and Workplace Relations [2006] FCA 1257;VCAT Act(Vic),s.3&148.
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