新法规速递>>纯文字版
企业会计准则——基本准则
财政部


第一章 总则
第一条 为适应我国社会主义市场经济发展的需要，统一会计核算标准，保证会计信息质量，根据《中华人民共和国会计法》，制定本准则。
第二条 本准则适用于设在中华人民共和国境内的所有企业。
设在中华人民共和国境外的中国投资企业（以下简称境外企业）应当按照本准则向国内有关部门编报财务报告。
第三条 制定企业会计制度应当遵循本准则。
第四条 会计核算应当以企业发生的各项经济业务为对象，记录和反映企业本身的各项生产经营活动。
第五条 会计核算应当以企业持续、正常的生产经营活动为前提。
第六条 会计核算应当划分会计期间，分期结算账目和编制会计报表。会计期间分为年度、季度和月份。年度、季度和月份的起讫日期采用公历日期。
第七条 会计核算以人民币为记账本位币。业务收支以外币为主的企业，也可以选定某种外币作为记账本位币，但编制的会计报表应当折算为人民币反映。境外企业向国内有关部门编报会计报表，应当折算为人民币反映。
第八条 会计记账采用借贷记账法。
第九条 会计记录的文字应当使用中文，少数民族自治地区可以同时使用少数民族文字。外商投资企业和外国企业也可以同时使用某种外国文字。

第二章 一般原则
第十条 会计核算应当以实际发生的经济业务为依据，如实反映财务状况和经营成果。
第十一条 会计信息应当符合国家宏观经济管理的要求，满足有关各方了解企业财务状况和经营成果的需要，满足企业加强内部经营管理的需要。
第十二条 会计核算应当按照规定的会计处理方法进行，会计指标应当口径一致、相互可比。
第十三条 会计处理方法前后各期应当一致，不得随意变更。如确有必要变更，应当将变更的情况、变更的原因及其对企业财务状况和经营成果的影响，在财务报告中说明。
第十四条 会计核算应当及时进行。
第十五条 会计记录和会计报表应当清晰明了，便于理解和利用。
第十六条 会计核算应当以权责发生制为基础。
第十七条 收入与其相关的成本、费用应当相互配比。
第十八条 会计核算应当遵循谨慎原则的要求，合理核算可能发生的损失和费用。
第十九条 各项财产物资应当按取得时的实际成本计价。物价变动时，除国家另有规定者外，不得调整其账面价值。
第二十条 会计核算应当合理划分收益性支出与资本性支出。凡支出的效益仅与本会计年度相关的，应当作为收益性支出；凡支出的效益与几个会计年度相关的，应当作为资本性支出。
第二十一条 财务报告应当全面反映企业的财务状况和经营成果。对于重要的经济业务，应当单独反映。

第三章 资产
第二十二条 资产是企业拥有或者控制的能以货币计量的经济资源，包括各种财产、债权和其他权利。
第二十三条 资产分为流动资产、长期投资、固定资产、无形资产、递延资产和其他资产。
第二十四条 流动资产是指可以在一年或者超过一年的一个营业周期内变现或者耗用的资产，包括现金及各种存款、短期投资、应收及预付款项、存货等。
第二十五条 现金及各种存款按照实际收入和支出数记账。
第二十六条 短期投资是指各种能够随时变现、持有时间不超过一年的有价证券以及不超过一年的其他投资。
有价证券应按取得时的实际成本记账。
当期的有价证券收益，以及有价证券转让所取得的收入与账面成本的差额，计入当期损益。
短期投资应当以账面余额在会计报表中列示。
第二十七条 应收及预付款项包括：应收票据、应收账款、其他应收款、预付货款、待摊费用等。
应收及预付款项应当按实际发生额记账。
应收账款可以计提坏账准备金。坏账准备金在会计报表中作为应收账款的备抵项目列示。
各种应收及预付款项应当及时清算、催收，定期与对方对账核实。经确认无法收回的应收账款，已提坏账准备金的，应当冲销坏账准备金；未提坏账准备金的，应当作为坏账损失，计入当期损益。
待摊费用应当按受益期分摊，未摊销余额在会计报表中应当单独列示。
第二十八条 存货是指企业在生产经营过程中为销售或者耗用而储存的各种资产，包括商品、产成品、半成品、在产品以及各类材料、燃料、包装物、低值易耗品等。
各种存货应当按取得时的实际成本核算。采用计划成本或者定额成本方法进行日常核算的，应当按期结转其成本差异，将计划成本或者定额成本调整为实际成本。
各种存货发出时，企业可以根据实际情况，选择使用先进先出法、加权平均法、移动平均法、个别计价法、后进先出法等方法确定其实际成本。
各种存货应当定期进行清查盘点。对于发生的盘盈、盘亏以及过时、变质、毁损等需要报废的，应当及时进行处理，计入当期损益。
各种存货在会计报表中应当以实际成本列示。
第二十九条 长期投资是指不准备在一年内变现的投资，包括股票投资、债券投资和其他投资。
股票投资和其他投资应当根据不同情况，分别采用成本法或权益法核算。
债券投资应当按实际支付的款项记账。实际支付的款项中包括应计利息的，应当将这部分利息单独记账。
溢价或者折价购入的债券，其实际支付的价款与债券面值的差额，应当在债券到期前分期摊销。
债券投资存续期内的应计利息，以及出售时收回的本息与债券账面成本及尚未收回应计利息的差额，应当计入当期损益。
长期投资应当在会计报表中分项列示。
一年内到期的长期投资，应当在流动资产下单列项目反映。
第三十条 固定资产是指使用年限在一年以上，单位价值在规定标准以上，并在使用过程中保持原来物质形态的资产，包括房屋及建筑物、机器设备、运输设备、工具器具等。
固定资产应当按取得时的实际成本记账。在固定资产尚未交付使用或者已投入使用但尚未办理竣工决算之前发生的固定资产的借款利息和有关费用，以及外币借款的汇兑差额，应当计入固定资产价值；在此之后发生的借款利息和有关费用及外币借款的汇兑差额，应当计入当期损益。
接受捐赠的固定资产应按照同类资产的市场价格或者有关凭据确定固定资产价值。接受捐赠固定资产时发生的各项费用应当计入固定资产价值。
融资租入的固定资产应当比照自有固定资产核算，并在会计报表附注中说明。
固定资产折旧应当根据固定资产原值、预计净残值、预计使用年限或预计工作量，采用年限平均法或者工作量（或产量）法计算。如符合有关规定，也可采用加速折旧法。
固定资产的原值、累计折旧和净值，应当在会计报表中分别列示。
为购建固定资产或者对固定资产进行更新改造发生的实际支出，应当在会计报表中单独列示。
固定资产应当定期进行清查盘点，对于固定资产盘盈、盘亏的净值以及报废清理所发生的净损失应当计入当期损益。
第三十一条 无形资产是指企业长期使用而没有实物形态的资产，包括专利权、非专利技术、商标权、著作权、土地使用权、商誉等。
购入的无形资产，应当按实际成本记账；接受投资取得的无形资产，应当按照评估确认或者合同约定的价格记账；自行开发的无形资产，应当按开发过程中实际发生的支出数记账。
各种无形资产应当在受益期内分期平均摊销，未摊销余额在会计报表中列示。
第三十二条 递延资产是指不能全部计入当年损益，应当在以后年度内分期摊销的各项费用，包括开办费、租入固定资产的改良支出等。
企业在筹建期内实际发生的各项费用，除应计入有关财产物资价值者外，应当作为开办费入账。开办费应当在企业开始生产经营以后的一定年限内分期平均摊销。
租入固定资产改良支出应当在租赁期内平均摊销。
各种递延资产的未摊销余额应当在会计报表中列示。
第三十三条 其他资产是指除以上各项目以外的资产。

第四章 负债
第三十四条 负债是企业所承担的能以货币计量、需以资产或劳务偿付的债务。
第三十五条 负债分为流动负债和长期负债。
第三十六条 流动负债是指将在一年或者超过一年的一个营业周期内偿还的债务，包括短期借款、应付票据、应付账款、预收货款、应付工资、应交税金、应付利润、其他应付款、预提费用等。
各项流动负债应当按实际发生数额记账。负债已经发生而数额需要预计确定的，应当合理预计，待实际数额确定后，进行调整。
流动负债的余额应当在会计报表中分项列示。
第三十七条 长期负债是指偿还期在一年或者超过一年的一个营业周期以上的债务，包括长期借款、应付债券、长期应付款项等。
长期借款包括向金融机构借款和向其他单位借款。长期借款应当区分借款性质按实际发生的数额记账。
发行债券时，应当按债券的面值记账。债券溢价或折价发行时，实收价款与面值的差额应当单独核算，在债券到期前分期冲减或者增加各期的利息支出。
长期应付款项包括应付引进设备款、融资租入固定资产应付款等。长期应付款项应当按实际发生数额记账。
长期负债应当按长期借款、应付债券、长期应付款项在会计报表中分项列示。
将于一年内到期偿还的长期负债，应当在流动负债下单列项目反映。

第五章 所有者权益
第三十八条 所有者权益是企业投资人对企业净资产的所有权，包括企业投资人对企业的投入资本以及形成的资本公积金、盈余公积金和未分配利润等。
第三十九条 投入资本是投资者实际投入企业经营活动的各种财产物资。
投入资本应当按实际投资数额入账。
股份制企业发行股票，应当按股票面值作为股本入账。
国家拨给企业的专项拨款，除另有规定者外，应当作为国家投资入账。
第四十条 资本公积金包括股本溢价、法定财产重估增值、接受捐赠的资产价值等。
第四十一条 盈余公积金是指按照国家有关规定从利润中提取的公积金。
盈余公积金应当按实际提取数记账。
第四十二条 未分配利润是企业留于以后年度分配的利润或待分配利润。
第四十三条 投入资本、资本公积金、盈余公积金和未分配利润的各个项目，应当在会计报表中分项列示。如有未弥补亏损，应作为所有者权益的减项反映。

第六章 收入
第四十四条 收入是企业在销售商品或者提供劳务等经营业务中实现的营业收入。包括基本业务收入和其他业务收入。
第四十五条 企业应当合理确认营业收入的实现，并将已实现的收入按时入账。
企业应当在发出商品、提供劳务，同时收讫价款或者取得索取价款的凭据时，确认营业收入。
长期工程（包括劳务）合同，一般应当根据完成进度法或者完成合同法合理确认营业收入。
第四十六条 销售退回、销售折让和销售折扣，应作为营业收入的抵减项目记账。

第七章 费用
第四十七条 费用是企业在生产经营过程中发生的各项耗费。
第四十八条 直接为生产商品和提供劳务等发生的直接人工、直接材料、商品进价和其他直接费用，直接计入生产经营成本；企业为生产商品和提供劳务而发生的各项间接费用，应当按一定标准分配计入生产经营成本。
第四十九条 企业行政管理部门为组织和管理生产经营活动而发生的管理费用和财务费用，为销售和提供劳务而发生的进货费用、销售费用，应当作为期间费用，直接计入当期损益。
第五十条 本期支付应由本期和以后各期负担的费用，应当按一定标准分配计入本期和以后各期。本期尚未支付但应由本期负担的费用，应当预提计入本期。
第五十一条 成本计算一般应当按月进行。
企业可以根据生产经营特点、生产经营组织类型和成本管理的要求自行确定成本计算方法。但一经确定，不得随意变动。
第五十二条 企业应当按实际发生额核算费用和成本。采用定额成本或者计划成本方法的，应当合理计算成本差异，月终编制会计报表时，调整为实际成本。
第五十三条 企业应当正确、及时地将已销售商品和提供劳务的成本作为营业成本，连同期间费用，结转当期损益。

第八章 利润
第五十四条 利润是企业在一定期间的经营成果，包括营业利润、投资净收益和营业外收支净额。
营业利润为营业收入减去营业成本、期间费用和各种流转税及附加税费后的余额。
投资净收益是企业对外投资收入减去投资损失后的余额。
营业外收支净额是指与企业生产经营没有直接关系的各种营业外收入减营业外支出后的余额。
第五十五条 企业发生亏损，应当按规定的程序弥补。
第五十六条 利润的构成和利润分配的各个项目，应当在会计报表中分项列示。仅有利润分配方案，而未最后决定的，应当将分配方案在会计报表附注中说明。

第九章 财务报告
第五十七条 财务报告是反映企业财务状况和经营成果的书面文件，包括资产负债表、损益表、财务状况变动表（或者现金流量表）、附表及会计报表附注和财务情况说明书。
第五十八条 资产负债表是反映企业在某一特定日期财务状况的报表。
资产负债表的项目，应当按资产、负债和所有者权益的类别，分项列示。
第五十九条 损益表是反映企业在一定期间的经营成果及其分配情况的报表。
损益表的项目，应当按利润的构成和利润分配各项目分项列示。
利润分配部分各个项目也可以另行编制利润分配表。
第六十条 财务状况变动表是综合反映一定会计期间内营运资金来源和运用及其增减变动情况的报表。
财务状况变动表的项目分为营运资金来源和营运资金运用。营运资金来源与营运资金运用的差额为营运资金增加（或减少）净额。营运资金来源分为利润来源和其他来源，并分项列示。营运资金运用分为利润分配和其他用途，并分项列示。
企业也可以编制现金流量表，反映财务状况的变动情况。
现金流量表是反映在一定会计期间现金收入和支出情况的会计报表。
第六十一条 会计报表可以根据需要，采用前后期对比方式编列。
采取前后期对比方式编列的，上期的项目分类和内容与本期不一致的，应当将上期数按本期项目和内容，调整有关数字。
第六十二条 会计报表应当根据登记完整、核对无误的账簿记录和其他有关资料编制，做到数字真实、计算准确、内容完整、报送及时。
第六十三条 企业对外投资如占被投资企业资本总额半数以上，或者实质上拥有被投资企业控制权的，应当编制合并会计报表。特殊行业的企业不宜合并的，可不予合并，但应当将其会计报表一并报送。
第六十四条 会计报表附注是为帮助理解会计报表的内容而对报表的有关项目等所作的解释，其内容主要包括：所采用的主要会计处理方法；会计处理方法的变更情况、变更原因以及对财务状况和经营成果的影响；非经常性项目说明；会计报表中有关重要项目的明细资料；其他有助于
理解和分析报表需要说明的事项。

第十章 附则
第六十五条 本准则由财政部负责解释。
第六十六条 本准则自一九九三年七月一日起施行。


Chapter I General Provisions

Article 1.
In accordance with "The Accounting Law of the People's Republic of
China", these standards are formulated to meet the needs of developing a
socialist market economy in our country, to standardize accounting
practice and to ensure the quality of accounting information.

Article 2.
These standards are applicable to all enterprises established within
the territory of the People's Republic of China.
Chinese enterprises established outside the territory of the People's
Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as enterprises abroad) are
required to prepare and disclose their financial reports to appropriate
domestic regulatory authorities in accordance with these standards.

Article 3.
Accounting systems of enterprises are required to comply with these
standards.

Article 4.
An enterprise shall accurately account for all its transactions
actually taken place in order to provide reports of reliable quality on
the economic and financial activities of the enterprise itself.

Article 5.
Accounting and financial reports should proceed on the basis that the
enterprise is a continuing entity and will remain in operation into the
foreseeable future.

Article 6.
An enterprise shall account for its transactions and prepare its
financial statements in distinct accounting periods.
Accounting periods may be a fiscal year, a quarter, or a month,
commencing on first days thereof according to the Gregorian calendar.

Article 7.
The Renminbi is the bookkeeping base currency of an enterprise. A
Foreign currency may be used as the bookkeeping base currency for
enterprises which conduct transactions mainly in foreign currency.
However, in preparing financial statements, foreign currency transactions
are to be converted into Renminbi. This latter requirement applies to
enterprises abroad when reporting financial and economic results to
concerned domestic organizations.

Article 8.
The debit and credit double entry bookkeeping technique is to be used
for recording all accounting transactions.

Article 9.
Accounting records and financial reports are to be compiled using the
Chinese language. Minority or foreign languages may be used concurrently
with the Chinese language by enterprises in autonomous areas of minority
nationalities, or by enterprises with foreign investment, and by foreign
enterprises.

Chapter II General Principles

Article 10.
The accounting records and financial reports must be based on
financial and economic transactions as they actually take place, in order
to objectively reflect the financial position and operating results of an
enterprise.

Article 11.
Accounting information must be designed to meet the requirements of
national macro-economy control, the needs of all concerned external users
to understand an enterprise's financial position and operating results,
and the needs of management of enterprises to strengthen their financial
management and administration.

Article 12.
Accounting records and financial statements shall be prepared
according to stipulated accounting methods, and accounting information of
enterprises must be comparable and convenient to be analyzed.

Article 13.
Accounting methods used shall be consistent from one period to the
other and shall not be arbitrarily changed. Changes and reasons for
changes, if necessary, and their impact on an enterprise's financial
position and operating results, shall be reported in notes to the
financial statements.

Article 14.
Accounting and financial reports preparation must be conducted in a
timely manner.

Article 15.
Accounting records and financial reports shall be prepared in a clear,
concise manner to facilitate understanding, examination and use.

Article 16.
The accrual basis of accounting is to be adopted.

Article 17.
Revenue shall be matched with related costs and expenses in
accounting.

Article 18.
Principle of prudence should be followed in reasonably determining the
possible loss and expense.

Article 19.
The values of all assets are to be recorded at historical costs at the
time of acquisition. The amount recorded in books of account shall not be
adjusted even though a fluctuation in their value may occur, except when
State laws or regulations require specific treatment or adjustments.

Article 20.
A clear distinction shall be drawn between revenue expenditures and
capital expenditures. Expenditure shall be regarded as revenue expenditure
where the benefit to the enterprise is only related to the current fiscal
year; and as capital expenditure where the benefits to the enterprise last
for several fiscal years.

Article 21.
Financial reports must reflect comprehensively the financial position
and operating results of an enterprise.
Transactions relating to major economic activities are to be
identified, appropriately classified, and accounted for, and separately
reported in financial statements.

Chapter III Assets

Article 22.
Assets are economic resources, which are measurable by money value,
and which are owned or controlled by an enterprise, including all
property, rights as a creditor to others, and other rights.

Article 23.
For accounting treatment, assets are normally divided into current
assets, long-term investments, fixed assets, intangible assets, deferred
assets and other assets.

Article 24.
Current assets refer to those assets which will be realized or
consumed within one year of their acquisition, or within an operating
cycle longer than a year. They include cash, cash deposits, short-term
investments, accounts receivable, prepayments, and inventories, etc.

Article 25.
Cash and all kinds of deposits shall be accounted for according to the
actual amount of receipt and payment.

Article 26.
Short-term investments refer to various of marketable securities,
which can be realized at any time and will be held less than a year, as
well as other investment with a life of no longer than a year.
Marketable securities shall be accounted for according to historical
cost as obtained.
Income received or receivable from marketable securities in current
period and the difference between the receipt obtained from securities
sold and book cost shall be all accounted for as current profit or loss.
Marketable securities shall be shown in book balance in accounting
statement.

Article 27.
Receivables and prepayments include: notes receivable, accounts
receivable, other receivables, accounts prepaid and prepaid expenses, etc.
Receivables and prepayments shall be accounted for according to actual
amount.
Provision for bad debts may be set up on accounts receivable. The
provision for bad debts shall be shown as a deduction item of accounts
receivable in the financial statement.
All receivables and prepayments shall be cleared and collected on
time, and shall be checked with related parties periodically. Any accounts
receivable, proved to be definitely uncorrectable according to state
regulations, shall be recognized as bad debts and written off against
provision for bad debts or charged to current profit or loss, if such
provision is not set up.
Prepaid expenses shall be amortized according to period benefiting,
and the balance shall be shown separately in accounting statement.

Article 28.
Inventories refer to merchandise, finished goods, Semi-finished goods,
goods in process, and all kinds of materials, fuels, containers, low-value
and perishable articles and so on that stocked for the purpose of sale,
production or consumption during the production operational process.
All inventories shall be accounted for at historical cost as obtained.
Those enterprises keep books at planned cost or norm cost in daily
accounting shall account the cost variances and adjust planned cost (or
norm cost) into historical cost periodically.
When inventories issuing, enterprises may account them under the
following methods: first-in first-out, weighted average, moving average,
specific identification, last-in first-out, etc.
All inventories shall be taken stock periodically. If any overage,
shortage and out-of-date, deterioration and damage that need to be
scrapped shall be disposed within the year and accounted into current
profit or loss.
All the inventories shall be disclosed at historical cost in
accounting statement.

Article 29.
Long-term investment refers to the investment impossible or not
intended to be realized within a year, including shares investment, bonds
investment and other investments.
In accordance with different situation, shares investment and other
investments shall be accounted for by cost method or equity method
respectively.
Bonds investment shall be accounted for according to actual amount
paid. The interest accrued contained in the actually paid amount shall be
accounted for separately. Where bonds are acquired at a premium or
discount, the difference between the cost and the face value of the bonds
shall be amortized over the periods to maturity of the bonds.
Interest accrued during the period of bonds investment and the
difference between the amount of principal and interest received on bonds
sold and their book cost and interest accrued but not yet received shall
be accounted for as current profit and loss.
Shares investment, bonds investment and other investments shall be
shown separately in accounting statements at book balance.
Bonds investment matured within a year shall be shown in the
accounting statements separately under the caption of current assets.

Article 30.
Fixed assets refer to the assets whose useful life is over one year,
unit value is above the prescribed criteria and where original physical
form remains during the process of utilization, including building and
structures, machinery and equipment, transportation equipment, tools and
implement, etc.
Fixed assets shall be accounted for at historical cost as obtained.
Interest of loan and other related expenses for acquiring fixed assets,
and the exchange difference from conversion of foreign currency loan, if
incurred before the assets not having been put into operation or after
been put into operation but before the final account for completed project
is made, shall be accounted as fixed assets value; if incurred after that,
shall be accounted for as current profit or loss.
Fixed assets coming from donations shall be accounted through
evaluation with reference to market price, wear and tear degree or
determined the value with relevant evidence provided by contributors.
Expenses incurred on receiving those donated fixed assets, shall be
accounted for as the fixed assets value.
Fixed assets financed by leasing shall be accounted with reference of
the way fixed assets are accounted and shall be explained in notes to the
accounting statements.
Depreciation on the fixed assets shall be accounted according to state
regulations. On the basis of the original cost, estimated residual value,
the useful life of the fixed assets or estimated working capacity,
depreciation on the fixed assets shall be accounted for on the straight
line method or the working capacity (or output) method. If approved or
conforming to relevant regulations, accelerated depreciation method may be
adopted.
Fixed assets' original value, accumulated depreciation and its net
value shall be shown separately in accounting statement.
The actual expenditures incurred in the purpose of acquiring or
technical reforming the fixed assets before available to the users, shall
be shown separately as construction in progress in accounting statement.
The fixed assets must be taken inventory periodically.
The net profit or loss incurred in discard and disposal, and also
overage, shortage of fixed assets shall be accounted as current profit and
loss.

Article 31.
Intangible assets refer to assets that will be used by an enterprise
for a long term without material state, including patents, non-patented
technology, trademark, copyrights, right to use sites, and goodwill, etc.
Intangible assets obtained through purchase shall be accounted for at
actual cost. Intangible assets received from investors shall be accounted
for at the assessed value recognized or the amount specified in the
contract.
Self-developed intangible assets shall be accounted at actual cost in
the development process.
All intangible assets shall be averagely amortized periodically over
the period benefited from such expenditures and be shown with un-amortized
balance in accounting statement.

Article 32.
Deferred assets refer to all the expenses that could not be accounted
as current profit or loss totally but should be periodically amortized in
future years, including organization expenses, expenditures incurred in
major repair and improvement of the rented in fixed assets etc.
The expenses incurred in an enterprise during its preparation period
shall be accounted for as organization expenses except those should be
accounted into related property or material value. The organization
expenses shall be averagely amortized in a certain period of years after
the operation starts.
Expenditures incurred on major repair and improvement of the rented in
fixed assets shall be averagely amortized by years in the period of
leasing.
All deferred assets shall be shown separately in accounting statements
by its balance not yet amortized.

Article 33.
Other assets refer to the long-term assets except all items mentioned
above.

Chapter IV Liabilities

Article 34.
A liability is debt borne by an enterprise, measurable by money value,
which will be paid to a creditor using assets, or services.

Article 35.
Liabilities are generally classified into current liabilities and
long-term liabilities.

Article 36.
Current liabilities refer to the debts which should be paid off within
a year or an operating cycle longer than a year, including short-term
loans payable, notes payable, accounts payable, advances from customers,
accrued payroll, taxes payable, profits payable, dividends payable, other
payables, provision for expenses, etc.
All current liabilities shall be accounted for at actual amount
incurred. Liabilities incurred but the amount needed to be estimated shall
be accounted for at a reasonable estimate, and then adjusted after actual
amount was given.
Balance of current liabilities shall be shown by item in accounting
statements.

Article 37.
Long-term liabilities refer to the debts which will be redeemed after
a year or an operating cycle longer than a year, including long-term loans
payable, bonds payable, long-term accounts payable, etc.
Long-term loans payable include the loans borrowed from financial
institutions and other units. It shall be accounted independently
according to the different characters of the loan and at the amount
actually incurred.
Bonds shall be accounted for at par value. When bonds are issued in
premium or discount, the difference between the amount actually obtained
and the par value shall be accounted independently, and be written off
periodically by increasing or decreasing interest expenses of every period
until bonds mature.
Long-term accounts payable include accounts payable for importing
equipments, accounts payable for fixed assets financed by leasing.
Long-term accounts payable shall be accounted at actual amounts.
Long-term liabilities shall be shown by item of long-term loans, bonds
payable, long-term accounts payable in accounting statements.
Long-term liabilities to be matured and payable within a year shall be
shown as a separate item under the caption of current liabilities.

Chapter V Owners' Equity

Article 38.
Owners' equity refers to the interest of the investors remaining in
the net assets of an enterprise, including capital of the enterprise
invested in by investors, capital reserve, surplus reserve, and
undistributed profit retained in the enterprise etc.

Article 39.
Invested Capital is the capital fund actually invested in the
enterprise by its investors, whether it be in form of cash, physical goods
or other assets for the operation of the enterprise.
Invested Capital shall be accounted for at the amount actually
invested.
Amount of shares issued by a corporation shall be accounted for as
capital stock at the face value of the shares issued.
Special appropriation allocated by the government to an enterprise
shall be accounted for as government investment unless otherwise provided.

Article 40.
Capital reserve includes premium on capital stock, legal increment of
property value through revaluation and value of donated assets accepted,
etc.

Article 41.
Surplus reserve refers to the reserve fund set up from profit
according to relevant government regulations.
Surplus reserve shall be accounted for at the amount actually set up.

Article 42.
Undistributed profit refers to the profit reserved for future
distribution or not distributed yet.

Article 43.
Invested capital, capital reserve, surplus reserve and undistributed
profit shall be shown by items in accounting statement. Deficit not yet
made up, if any, shall be shown as a deduction item of owners' equity.

Chapter VI Revenue

Article 44.
Revenue refers to the financial inflows to an enterprise as a result
of the sale of goods and services, and other business activities of the
enterprise, including basic operating revenue and other operating revenue.

Article 45.
Enterprises shall rationally recognize revenue and account for the
revenue on time.
Enterprises generally recognize revenue when merchandise shipped,
service provided as well as money collected or rights collecting money
obtained.
Revenue of long-term project contract (including labor service) shall
be reasonably recognized, in general, according to the completed progress
method or the completed contract method.

Article 46.
Return of sales, sales allowances and sales discount shall be
accounted for as deduction item of operating revenue.

Chapter VII Expenses

Article 47.
Expenses refer to the outlays incurred by an enterprise in the course
of production and operation.

Article 48.
Expenses directly incurred by an enterprise in production and service
provision, including direct labor, direct materials, purchase price of
commodities and other direct expenses shall be charged directly into the
cost of production or operation; indirect expenses incurred in production
and provision of service by an enterprise is to be allocated into the cost
of production and operation, according to certain criteria of allocation.

Article 49.
General and administrative expenses incurred by enterprise's
administrative sectors for organizing and managing production and
operation, financial expenses, purchase expenses on commodities purchased
for sale, and sales expenses for selling commodities and providing
service, shall be directly accounted for as periodic expense in the
current profit and loss.

Article 50.
The expenses paid in current period but attributable to the current
and future periods shall be distributed and accounted for in current and
future periods. The expenses attributable to the current period but not
yet paid in current period shall be recognized as accrued expenses and
charged to cost of the current period.

Article 51.
Enterprises shall generally calculate products cost every month.
Costing methods shall be decided by the enterprise itself according to
the characteristics of its production and operation, type of production
management and requirements of cost management. Once it is decided, no
change can be made arbitrarily.

Article 52.
Enterprises shall calculate expenses and costs on actual amounts
incurred. Those adopting the norm costing, or planned costing in
accounting for daily calculation shall reasonably calculate the cost
variances, and adjust them into historical cost at the end of the month
while preparing accounting statements.

Article 53.
Enterprises shall convert the cost of commodities sold and service
provided into operating cost accurately and timely, then account current
profit and loss together with periodic expenses.

Chapter VIII Profit and Loss

Article 54.
Profit is the operating results of an enterprise in an accounting
period, including operating profit, net investment profit and net
non-operating income.
Operating profit is the balance of operating revenue after deducting
operating cost, periodic expenses and all turnover taxes, surtax and fees.
Net investment profit is the balance of income on external investment
after deducting investment loss.
Net non-operating income is the balance of non-operating income after
deducting non-operating expenses.
Non-operating income and expenses have no direct relating with the
production operations of an enterprise.

Article 55.
Loss incurred by an enterprise shall be made up according to the
stipulated procedure.

Article 56.
Items that constitute the profits and the distribution of profits
shall be shown separately in the financial statement. A distribution of
profit plan which is not yet approved at time of publication of a
financial statement is to be identified in notes to the financial
statement.

Chapter IX Financial Reports

Article 57.
Financial reports are the written documents summarizing and reflecting
the financial position and operating results of an enterprise, including a
balance sheet, an income statement, a statement of changes in financial
position (or a cash flow statement) together with supporting schedules,
notes to the financial statements, and explanatory statements on financial
condition.

Article 58.
A balance sheet is an accounting statement that reflects the financial
position of an enterprise at a specific date.
Items of the balance sheet should be grouped according to the
categories of assets, liabilities and owners' equity, and shall be shown
item by item.

Article 59.
An income statement is an accounting statement that reflects the
operating results of an enterprise within an accounting period, as well as
their distribution.
Items of the income statement should be arranged according to the
formation and distribution of profit, and shall be shown item by item.
Items of profit distribution part of the income statement may be shown
separately in a statement of profit distribution.

Article 60.
A statement of changes in financial position is an accounting
statement that reflects comprehensively the sources and application of
working capital and its changes during an accounting period.
Items of the statement of changes in financial position are divided
into two groups: sources of working capital and application of working
capital. The difference between the total sources and total applications
is the net increase (or decrease) of the working capital. Sources of
working capital are subdivided into profit sources and other sources;
applications of working capital are also subdivided into: profit
distribution and other applications, all shall be shown item by item.
An enterprise may also prepare a cash flow statement to reflect the
changes in its financial position.
A cash flow statement is an accounting statement that reflects the
condition of cash receipts and cash disbursements of an enterprise during
a certain accounting period.

Article 61.
Financial statements should include comparative financial information
for the corresponding previous accounting period, When so required, if the
classification and contents of statement items of the previous accounting
period are different from that of the current period, such items should be
adjusted in conformity with that of the current period.

Article 62.
Accounting statements should be prepared from the records of account
books, completely recorded and correctly checked and other relative
information. It is required that they must be true and correct in figures,
complete in contents and issued on time.

Article 63.
Consolidated financial statements shall be prepared by the enterprise
(acts as a parent company) which owns 50%or more of the total capital of
the enterprise it invested (acts as subsidiary) or otherwise owns the
right of control over the invested enterprise. Financial statements of an
invested enterprise of special line of business not suitable for
consolidation, may not be consolidated, but should be submitted together
with the consolidated financial statements of the parent company.

Article 64.
Notes to the financial statements are explanatory to related items in
the financial statement of the enterprise concerned so as to meet the
needs to understand the contents of the statements. This should include
mainly:
(a) the accounting methods adopted for the current and previous
accounting periods;
(b) changes in accounting treatments between the current and prior
periods, including the reasons for, and impact on the financial
performance and status of the enterprise of such changes;
(c) description of unusual items;
(d) detailed information relating to major items listed in the
accounting statements; and
(e) any other explanations necessary to provide users with a clear
view and understanding of the financial statements.

Chapter X Supplementary Provisions

Article 65.
The explanation of these standards is the charge of the Ministry of
Finance.

Article 66. These standards will be effective as from 1 July, 1993.



1993年7月1日
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