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中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业会计制度(附英文)
财政部


第一章 总 则
第一条 为了加强中外合资经营企业的会计工作，根据《中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业法》、《中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业所得税法》等有关法律、法规的规定，制定本制度。
第二条 本制度适用于在中华人民共和国境内设立的所有中外合资经营企业（以下简称合营企业）。
第三条 各省、自治区、直辖市财政厅、局和国务院各主管部门，在符合本制度规定的前提下，可以结合本地区、本部门的具体情况，对本制度作必要的补充，并报财政部备案。
第四条 合营企业应根据本制度和省、自治区、直辖市财政厅、局和国务院主管部门的补充规定，结合企业的具体情况，制定本企业的会计制度，并报企业主管部门和当地财政部门、税务机关备案。

第二章 会计机构和会计人员
第五条 合营企业要设置独立的会计机构，配备必要的会计人员，办理企业的财务会计工作。
第六条 大中型合营企业要设置总会计师，协助总经理负责领导企业的财务会计工作。必要时，可设置副总会计师。
规模较大的合营企业，要设置审计师，负责审查、稽核合营企业及其所属分支机构的各项财务收支，会计凭证、会计帐簿、会计报表和有关资料。
第七条 合营企业的会计机构和会计人员要计真履行职责，正确核算、如实反映和严格监督各项经济业务，维护合营各方的正当权益。
第八条 会计人员调动工作或因故离职时，要办好交接手续，不得中断会计工作。

第三章 会计核算的一般原则
第九条 合营企业的会计核算工作必须遵守中华人民共和国法律、法规的有关规定。
第十条 合营企业的会计年度自公历每年1月1日起至12月31日止。
第十一条 合营企业采用借贷复式记帐法。
第十二条 合营企业的会计凭证、会计帐簿、会计报表等各种会计记录，都必须根据实际发生的经济业务进行登记，做到手续齐备、内容完整、准确及时。
第十三条 合营企业的一切自制凭证、帐簿、报表，都必须用中文书写，也可以同时用合营各方商定的一种外文书写。
第十四条 合营企业原则上采用人民币为记帐本位币。经过合营各方商定，也可采用某一种外国货币作为记帐本位币。
对于现金、银行存款、其他货币款项以及债权、债务、收益和费用等实际收付的货币，如与记帐本位币不一致时，还应按实际收付的货币进行登记。
第十五条 合营企业应根据权责发生制的原则记帐。凡是本期已经实现的收益和已经发生的费用，不论款项是否收付，都应作为本期的收益与费用入帐。凡是不属于本期的收益与费用，即使款项已在本期收付，都不应作为本期的收益与费用处理。
第十六条 合营企业收益与费用的计算，应当相互配合。一个时期内的各项收入与其相关联的成本、费用，都必须在同一时期内登记入帐，不应脱节，不应提前或延后。
第十七条 合营企业的各项财产应按实际成本核算，不论市价是否变动，一般不调整帐面价值。
第十八条 合营企业应划清资本的支出与收益的支出的界限。凡是用于增加固定资产和无形资产而发生的各项支出，都是资本的支出。凡是为了取得本期收益而发生的各项支出，都是收益的支出。
第十九条 合营企业所采用的会计处理方法，前后各期必须一致，不得任意改变。如有改变的，应经董事会同意和报送当地税务机关备查，并在会计报告中加以说明。

第四章 投入资本的核算
第二十条 合营各方应按合同规定的资本总额、出资比例、出资方式，在规定期限内投入资本。合营企业应根据合营各方实际投入的资本进行核算。
（1）以现金投资的，应以收到或存入开户的中国银行或其他银行的金额和日期，作为投入资本的记帐依据。
合营外方出资的外币，按缴款当日中华人民共和国外汇管理局（以下简称国家外汇管理局）公布的外汇牌价折合为人民币或套算成约定的外币。合营中方出资的人民币，如需折合外币，按缴款当日国家外汇管理局公布的外汇牌价折合。
（2）以建筑物、机器设备、材料物资等实物投资的，应按合同规定以合营各方议定并经检验核实的实物清单中所列金额和收到实物的日期，作为记帐的依据。
（3）以专有技术、专利权、商标权、版权和其他特许权等无形资产作为投资的，应按协议、合同规定的金额和日期作为记帐的依据。
（4）以场地使用权作为投资的，应按协议、合同规定的金额和日期作为记帐的依据。
合营企业对各方投入的资本，应于收到后及时记帐。
第二十一条 合营各方缴付的出资额，应由中华人民共和国政府批准的注册会计师验证，出具验资报告后，由合营企业据以发给出资证明书。

第五章 货币资金及往来款项的核算
（注解：一九八六年五月二日财政部《关于中外合资经营企业转存外币存款不计算汇兑损益的通知》补充规定：
根据我部发布的《中外合资经营企业会计制度》关于汇兑损益应以实现数为准的原则，凡以人民币为记帐本位币的合资企业，对于同种外币银行存款转存，例如某种外币银行活期存款转为该种外币的信用证存款或定期存款等，不计算汇兑损益。当发生这类转存时，仍按转出帐户的帐面
汇率作为转入帐户的记帐汇率，并以相同的折合人民币金额记帐。待外币存款实际支付时，再按规定的方法计算汇兑损益。对于以某种外币为记帐本位币的合资企业，其人民币或其他外币这类转存业务，比照上述规定处理。）
第二十二条 合营企业应在中国境内的中国银行或者经国家外汇管理局及分局批准的其他银行开立存款帐户。一切外汇收入，必须存入银行的外汇存款帐户；一切外汇支出，从其外汇存款帐户中支付。
第二十三条 合营企业的现金和银行存款应设置日记帐逐笔登记。有多种货币的，还应按不同的货币分别设帐。
第二十四条 合营企业的应收帐款、应付帐款和其他应收、应付款，应分别不同货币设帐登记。并及时催收、清偿，定期与对方核对清楚。对不能收回的应收款项应查明原因，追究责任，确实无法收回的，经严格审查，按董事会规定报经批准后，作为坏帐损失。不提“坏帐准备”。
第二十五条 合营企业以人民币为记帐本位币的，对外币存款、外币借款和以外币结算的往来款项，除应登记实际收付的外币金额外，还应按照确定的汇率（根据国家外汇管理局公布的外汇牌价）折合为人民币记帐。
企业的外币存款、外币借款和以外币结算的往来款项增加时，按设帐汇率折合为人民币记帐；减少时，按帐面汇率折合为人民币记帐。因汇率不同而发生的折合为人民币的差额，作为外汇兑换损益（简称汇兑损益）处理，列入当期损益。
外币折合为人民币所采用的记帐汇率，可以采用当日汇率，也可以采用当月一日的汇率等。帐面汇率可以采用先进先出、加权平均等方法进行计算。对以外币结算的往来款项的减少，也可以按原入帐时汇率作为帐面汇率。不论采用哪种汇率，一经确定，不能任意改变。如需改变，应报
经董事会同意，并在会计报告中加以说明。
不同货币之间的兑换所发生的人民币差额，也应作为汇兑损益处理。
记入帐内的汇兑损益应以实现数为准。记帐汇率变动，有关外币各帐户的帐面余额，均不作调整。
第二十六条 合营企业以外币为记帐本位币的，对人民币存款、人民币借款和以人民币结算的往来款项，除应登记实际收付的人民币金额外，还应按照企业确定的汇率折合为外币记帐。对于人民币折合为外币所发生的差额，也应比照第二十五条的办法作为汇兑损益处理。
以外币为记帐本位币的合营企业，年度终了时，除编制外币的会计报表外，还应另行编制折合为人民币的会计报表。但企业的人民币银行存款、人民币银行借款和以人民币结算的往来款项，仍应按其原有的人民币金额计算，与外币折合为人民币的部分合并反映。这些项目原有的人民币
金额与外币折合为人民币的金额之间的差额，不应作为汇兑损益处理，在资产负债表增列“货币换算差额”项目予以反映。

第六章 存货的核算
第二十七条 合营企业的存货，是指库存的、加工中的和在途的各种商品、原材料、包装物、低值易耗品、在产品、自制半成品、产成品等。
第二十八条 合营企业的各种存货应按实际成本记帐。
（1）外购原材料、包装物、低值易耗品的实际成本，包括买价、运输费、装卸费、包装费、保险费、运输途中的合理损耗、入库前的挑选整理费用等。进口物资还应包括关税和工商统一税等。
商业企业和服务企业的外购商品以购入商品的进货原价作为实际成本记帐。
（2）自制的原材料、包装物、低值易耗品、半成品、产成品、商品的实际成本，包括制造过程中所耗用的原材料、工资和有关费用。
（3）委托外单位加工完成的原材料、包装物、低值易耗品、半成品、产成品的实际成本，包括耗用的原材料或半成品的实际成本、加工费用和往返的运杂费。
商业企业和服务企业委托外单位加工的商品，应以加工前商品的进货原价加上加工费用和应负担的工商统一税，作为加工后商品的进货原价。
第二十九条 合营企业的各种存货的收发领退，应根据实际数量及时办理会计手续，并应设置有数量有金额的明细帐，逐项逐笔登记，加强管理。对于各种在途材料、商品要进行明细核算，并随时检查到货情况。对逾期未到的，要督促有关部门采取措施。对已经到达尚未验收入库的，
要及时办理验收入库手续。
第三十条 合营企业发出或领用各种存货的实际成本或进货原价，可由企业在先进先出、移动平均、加权平均、分批实际等方法中选用一种进行计算。计算方法一经确定，不能随意变动。如需变更计算方法，应报经当地税务机关批准，并在会计报告中加以说明。
第三十一条 合营企业的各种原材料、产成品等平时采用计划成本核算的，月终应将发出的原材料、产成品等的计划成本调整为实际成本。
商业企业和服务企业的商品，平时采用销价核算的，月终应将售出商品的销价调整为进货原价。
第三十二条 合营企业的各项存货应定期进行实地盘点，每年至少盘点一次。发现盘盈、盘亏、毁损、变质等情况，应由有关部门查明原因，写出书面报告，经严格审查，按董事会规定报经批准后及时处理，一般应在年度决算前处理完毕。
（1）原材料、在产品、半产品、产成品、商品等的盘亏（减盘盈）及毁损（减残值），除应由过失人赔偿者处，作为当期费用处理。
（2）由于自然灾害造成的损失，扣除可以收回的残值和保险赔偿款后的净损失，作为营业外支出处理。
第三十三条 合营企业的各项存货，由于陈旧而需要降价处理的，按董事会规定报经批准处理后发生的净损失，作为销售损失。如果在年度决算时尚未处理的，应在年度会计报告中列出这些存货的帐面实际成本、可变现的净值和可能发生的损失。
第三十四条 合营企业的各项存货，如果由于市价下跌，可变现的净值低于帐面实际成本的，应在年度会计报告中列出这些存货的帐面实际成本、可变现的净值和可能发生的损失。

第七章 长期投资及长期负债的核算
第三十五条 合营企业向其他单位投出的资金，应按投出时支付或确定的金额记帐，在资产负债表上以“长期投资”项目单独反映。
长期投资所发生的收益和损失，应作为企业的营业外收入或营业外支出入帐。
第三十六条 合营企业在筹建期间进行基本建设或在开业以后扩大业务经营和进行更新改造，需要增加固定资产而向银行借入的款项，按实际收到借款的日期和金额设帐，在资产负债表上以“长期借款”项目单独反映。
长期借款的利息支出，在基建期间应计入工程成本，作为固定资产原价的一部分；工程完工交付使用以后，可直接计入当期费用。

第八章 固定资产的核算
第三十七条 合营企业应根据中外合资经营企业所得税法规定的固定资产标准，结合本企业的具体情况，制订固定资产目录，作为核算的依据。
第三十八条 合营企业的固定资产分为：房屋及建筑物、机器设备、电子设备、运输工具（如有火车、轮船，应单设一类）和其他设备五大类。企业可以根据管理需要再进行明细分类。
第三十九条 合营企业的固定资产应按原价登记入帐。
作为投资的固定资产，以投资时合营各方议定的价格作为原价。
购进的固定资产，以进价加运输、装卸、包装、保险等费用作为原价。需要安装的固定资产的原价还应包括安装费用。国外进口设备的原价，还应包括按规定支付的关税和工商统一税等。
自制自建的固定资产，以制造或建造过程中所发生的实际支出作为原价。
合营企业对固定资产进行技术革新、技术改造所发生的能够增加固定资产价值的支出，应调增固定资产原价。
第四十条 合营企业固定资产的折旧，一般应当采用直线法平均计算。
（1）固定资产折旧应根据固定资产的原价和分类折旧率计算。
固定资产折旧率根据固定资产的原价、估计残值和使用年限计算确定。
合营企业应根据中外合资经营企业所得税法规定的固定资产计算折旧的最短年限和估计残值，具体确定各类固定资产的使用年限和折旧率。
（2）合营企业由于特殊原因需要加速折旧和改变折旧计算方法的，应由企业提出申请，报经税务机关审核批准。
（3）合营企业一般应根据月初在用固定资产的帐面原价和月折旧率，按月计算折旧。月份内开始使用的固定资产，当月不计折旧，从下月起计算折旧；月份内减少或停用的固定资产，当月照计折旧，从下月起停计折旧。
（4）合营企业的固定资产折旧足额后，仍可继续使用的，不再计算折旧。提前报废的固定资产不补计折旧。
提前报废或转让的固定资产的变价净收入（减除清理费用后的净额）与固定资产净值（原价减累计折旧）的差额，作为企业的营业外收入或营业外支出处理。
第四十一条 合营企业对固定资产的购入、出售、清理、报废和内部转移等，都要办理会计手续，并应设置固定资产明细帐进行核算，加强固定资产管理。
第四十二条 合营企业的固定资产至少每年实地盘点一次。对盘盈、盘亏、毁损的固定资产，应由有关部门查明原因，写出书面报告，经严格审查，按董事会规定报经批准后及时处理。一般应在年度决算前处理完毕。
（1）盘盈的固定资产，以重置完全价值作为原价，按新旧程度估计累计折旧入帐，原价减累计折旧后的差额作为营业外收入处理。
（2）盘亏的固定资产，应冲减原价和累计折旧，原价减累计折旧后差额作为营业外支出处理。
（3）毁损的固定资产，按原价减去累计折旧，并扣除可以收回的残值和向过失人、保险公司收回的赔偿款后的净损失，作为营业外支出处理。

第九章 无形资产及其他资产的核算
第四十三条 合营企业的无形资产及其他资产包括专有技术、专利权、商标权、版权、场地使用权、其他特许权和开办费等。
合营各方以无形资产作为投资的，按协议、合同规定的金额作为原价。购入的无形资产，按实际支付的金额作为原价。从开始使用的年份起按规定的使用期限分月摊销，没有规定使用期限的，可分十年摊销。摊销期限不得超过合营期限。
第四十四条 合营企业在筹办期间所发生的费用（不包括购建固定资产和无形资产的支出以及基建期内应计入工程成本的利息支出），按照合同规定并经合营各方协商同意，可作为开办费记帐。在开始生产经营后分期摊销，每年的摊销额不得超过20％。
第四十五条 合营企业对租入的固定资产进行大修理和改良工程所发生的支出，可在该项支出的受益期内分期摊销，但摊销期限不得超过固定资产的租赁期限。

第十章 成本和费用的核算
第四十六条 合营企业应健全原始记录，实行定额管理，严格计量检验和物资收发领退制度，加强成本、费用的管理和核算。
第四十七条 一切与生产经营有关的支出，都应计入合营企业的成本、费用。
合营企业在生产经营过程中所耗用的各项材料，应按实际耗用数量和帐面单价正确计算，列入成本、费用。
合营企业应根据合同规定和董事会讨论决定的工资标准、工资形式、奖励津贴等制度，以及企业的考勤记录、工时记录、产量记录，计算职工工资，计入成本、费用。按规定支付中方职工劳动保险、福利费用和国家对职工的各项补贴等，也应以工资项目计入成本、费用。
合营企业在生产经营过程中所发生的其他各项费用，都应以实际发生数计入成本、费用。凡应由本期负担而尚未支出的费用，应作为预提费用计入本期成本、费用；凡已经支出，应由本期和以后各期分担的费用，应作为待摊费用，分期摊入成本、费用。
第四十八条 合营企业应按规定的成本项目和费用项目，汇集企业在生产经营过程中所发生的各项费用。
（1）工业企业的生产成本项目，一般应分为直接材料、直接工资和制造费用。企业还可根据实际需要，增设燃料及动力、外部加工费、专用工具等项目。
制造费用是指企业的车间和工厂管理部门为组织和管理生产所发生的各项费用，包括工资、折旧费、修理费、物料消耗、劳动保护费、水电费、办公费、差旅费、运输费、保险费等。
工业企业的销售费用和管理费用应单独核算，不计入产品生产成本之内。
销售费用包括商品在销售过程中所发生的应由企业负担的运输费、装卸费、包装费、保险费、差旅费、佣金、广告费，以及专设的销售机构的人员工资和其他经费等。
管理费用包括公司经费（人员工资和其他经费）、工会经费、利息支出（减利息收入）、汇兑损失（减汇兑收益）、董事会费、顾问费、交际应酬费、税金（包括城市房地产税和车船使用牌照税等）、开办费摊销、职工培训费、研究发展费、场地使用费、技术转让费、无形资产摊销和
其他管理费用等。
（2）商业企业在经营过程中发生的费用，包括进货费用、销货费用和管理费用。
进货费用包括商品在进货过程中所发生的运输费、装卸费、包装费、保险费和运输途中的合理损耗，以及入库前的挑选整理费用等。
销货费用包括商品在销售过程中所发生的应由企业负担的运输费、装卸费、包装费、保险费、差旅费、佣金、广告费，以及销售部门的人员工资和其他经费等。
管理费用包括商品在保管储存过程中发生的费用，以及企业管理部门的费用，如工资、折旧费、修理费、物料消耗、劳动保护费、办公费、差旅费、运输费、保险费、工会经费、利息支出（减利息收入）、汇兑损失（减汇兑收益）、董事会费、顾问费、交际应酬费、税金、场地使用费
、职工培训费和其他管理费用等。
（3）服务企业在经营过程中发生的费用，包括各项营业支出和管理费用。
营业支出包括业务经营中所发生的各项支出，可按服务类别分别汇集。
管理费用包括管理企业所发生的各项费用。
其他企业可以比照上述各项规定办理。
第四十九条 合营企业必须分清本期成本、费用和下期成本、费用的界限，不得任意预提和摊销费用；必须分清企业内部各个部门之间成本、费用的界限，不得互相混淆。工业企业必须分清在产品成本和产成品成本的界限，分清各种产品成本的界限，不得任意压低或提高在产品和产成
品的成本。
第五十条 合营企业应当根据本企业的生产经营特点、产品品种和服务对象，选择适合于本企业的成本计算方法和费用分配方法。
工业企业的成本核算，可在品种法、分步法、分批法、分类法、定额法或标准成本法等计算方法中，选用一种或几种并用。
采用定额成本法或标准成本法计算产品成本的企业，实际成本与定额成本或标准成本之间的差异，一般应根据当月销售数和月末结存数的比例进行分摊。
成本计算方法和成本差异的分摊方法一经确定，不得任意变更，如有变更，应经董事会同意和报送当地税务机关备查，并在会计报告中加以说明。
第五十一条 合营企业应加强对成本、费用的控制，建立责任成本制度，编制成本、费用计划，随时按计划掌握支出，定期考核计划执行情况，分析成本、费用的升降原因，采取必要措施，努力降低成本、费用，改善企业经营管理。

第十一章 销售和利润的核算
第五十二条 合营企业商品、产品和劳务的销售，应在商品、产品已经发出，劳务已经提供，并已将发票、帐单和运输机构的提货单等全部货运单据提交买方或通过银行办妥托收手续后，作为销售实现。
在交款提货的情况下，如货款已经收到，发票帐单和提货单已经交给买方，不论商品、产品是否发出，都应作为销售实现。
第五十三条 合营企业本月实现的销售收入，应全部记入本月帐内，并相应结转销售成本和费用。销售收入与销售成本和费用的口径必须一致，不能只记销售收入，不记销售成本和费用，也不能只记销售成本和费用，不记销售收入。
第五十四条 合营企业本月发生的销货退回，不论是属于本年度还是以前年度销售的，都应冲减本月的销售收入和销售成本。
已经销售的商品、产品，由于质量较差或其他原因，经买卖双方协商同意给予销货折让的，其销货折让金额应在本月销售收入中减除。
第五十五条 合营企业应按月计算利润。农牧、水产养殖等不能按月计算利润的企业，至少在会计年度末计算一次利润。
第五十六条 合营企业利润总额的内容：
（1）工业企业的利润总额包括产品销售利润、其他业务利润和营业外收支。
产品销售利润是指企业销售产品（包括产成品、自制半成品和工业性劳务）所发生的利润。
其他业务利润是指企业提供非工业性劳务（如运输等）和出售多余材料、外购商品所发生的利润。
营业外收入和营业外支出是指产品销售利润和其他业务利润以外的各项非营业损益，包括投资收益、投资损失、处理固定资产收益、处理固定资产损失、罚款收入、罚款支出、捐赠支出、坏帐损失、非常损失等。
（2）商业企业的利润总额包括销货利润、其他业务利润和营业外收支。
销货利润是指销售商品所发生的利润。
其他业务利润是指企业经营商品销售业务以外的其他业务（如附带经营的修理业务、出租业务等）所发生的利润。
营业外收入和营业外支出是指销货利润和其他业务利润以外的各项非营业损益，包括投资收益、投资损失、处理固定资产收益、处理固定资产损失、罚款收入、罚款支出、捐赠支出、坏帐损失、非常损失等。
（3）服务企业的利润总额包括业务收入净额和营业外收支。
第五十七条 合营企业的利润总额减去应缴纳的所得税，再扣除合营企业按规定应提的储备基金、职工奖励及福利基金、企业发展基金后的差额，即为合营企业可供分配的利润，如董事会确定分配，应按合营各方出资的比例进行分配。
储备基金可以在企业发生亏损时，用于垫补亏损。职工奖励及福利基金只能用于支付职工奖金和职工集体福利。企业发展基金可以用于购买固定资产、增加流动资金，扩大企业的生产经营。
第五十八条 合营企业以前年度如有亏损，应先从本年利润中弥补。以前年度的亏损未弥补前，不得分配利润。
合营企业以前年度如有未分配的利润，可以与本年可供分配的利润一并进行分配，或抵补本年亏损后进行分配。
第五十九条 合营企业应在年度终了时，根据当年实现的利润或亏损和以前年度未分配的利润或未弥补的亏损，编制利润分配方案，提交董事会讨论决定后据以记帐，列入年度决算。

第十二章 会计科目和会计报表
第六十条 合营企业的会计科目和会计报表，由中华人民共和国财政部制定，或由有关主管部门制定，报财政部审核批准。
合营企业在不影响会计核算要求和会计报表指标汇总的前提下，可以根据企业的具体情况，增加或减少规定的会计科目和会计报表项目。
第六十一条 合营企业的会计科目按照经营管理的需要，一般分为资产、负债、资本和损益四大类，也可以将损益类科目分为收益类科目和费用类科目。工业企业还可以增加成本类科目。企业的会计科目，要根据科目的分类，分别编号。
第六十二条 合营企业的会计报表，包括：
（1）资产负债表；
（2）利润表；
（3）财务状况变动表；
（4）有关附表。
合营企业为了满足合营外方总公司合并会计报表的要求，经合营各方同意，可以在会计报表中增加所需的会计资科。
第六十三条 有附属企业的合营企业，在将本身的会计报表与附属企业的会计报表合并汇编时，应将拨付附属企业的资金和相互之间的往来款项，与附属企业报表中的有关项目相互抵销。
第六十四条 合营企业在报送年度会计报表的同时，应报送财务情况说明书，主要说明：
（1）企业的生产、经营情况；
（2）利润的实现和分配情况；
（3）资金的增减变动和周转情况；
（4）外汇的收支和平衡情况；
（5）工商统一税、所得税、场地使用费、技术转让费的交纳和支付情况；
（6）各项财产物资的盘盈、盘亏和毁损、报废情况；
（7）其他需要说明的问题。
合营企业在报送季报时，如有特殊情况也应加以说明。
第六十五条 合营企业的季度和年度会计报表，应分别报送合营各方、当地税务机关、合营企业主管部门和同级财政部门。年度会计报表还应抄报原审批机构。
合营企业的季度会计报表，应于季度终了后二十日内报出；年度会计报表，应于年度终了后四个月内连同注册会计师的查帐报告一并报出。
第六十六条 合营企业的会计报表应由合营企业的总经理、总会计师审核签章，并加盖合营企业公章。

第十三章 会计凭证和会计帐簿
第六十七条 合营企业每发生一笔经济业务，应取得或者填写原始凭证。各种原始凭证必须内容真实、手续完备、数字准确。外来的原始凭证必须有填发单位的签章。原始凭证应由经办业务部门的负责人和经办人员签证。
合营企业要认真审核原始凭证。遇有伪造或涂改凭证、虚报冒领款项等行为，应拒绝办理，并向有关方面报告。对于内容不全、手续不齐、数字有差错的凭证，应予退回、补填或更正。原始凭证经审核无误后，才能据以填写记帐凭证。
第六十八条 合营企业的记帐凭证包括收款凭证、付款凭证和转帐凭证。各种记帐凭证，必须按照规定的内容填制，经过制单人、指定的审核人员和财会部门负责人签章后，据以记帐。收付款的记帐凭证还应由出纳人员签章。
各种记帐凭证应按照编号顺序，连同所附原始凭证，按月装订成册，妥善保管，不得丢失。对于某些有关债权、债务等需要单独保管的重要凭证，应在该项原始凭证和有关记帐凭证上加注说明。
第六十九条 合营企业对外开出的凭证都要依次编号，并应自留副本或存根。误写或收回作废的对外凭证的正本，应与原编号码的副本一并保存，短缺或不能收回的，应在副本或存根上注明理由。
第七十条 合营企业尚未使用的重要空白凭证，如支票簿、现金收据、发货单据等，都应由财会部门专设登记簿进行登记。领用时，应经过财会部门负责人或指定的人员批准并登记后，由领用人员签收。
第七十一条 合营企业应设置日记帐、总帐和明细帐三种主要帐簿和各种必要的辅助性的备查帐簿。
各种帐簿应根据审核无误的原始凭证、记帐凭证或凭证汇总表等进行登记，做到内容完整、数字准确、摘要清楚、登记及时。
合营企业各种帐簿的记录，不得刮擦、挖补、涂改或用退色药水消除字迹。发生错误时，应根据错误性质和具体情况，采用划线或另行填制记帐凭证等方法予以更正。划线更正时，应由记帐人员在更正处盖章。
第七十二条 采用电子计算机记帐的合营企业，机器储存和输出的会计记录视同会计帐簿，应妥善保管。凡未打成书面记录的，其磁带、磁盘等必须继续保留，不得洗去。

第十四章 查 帐
第七十三条 合营企业应按照中外合资经营企业所得税法的规定，聘请中华人民共和国政府批准的注册会计师，对企业的年度会计报表和全年帐目进行审查，并出具查帐报告。
第七十四条 合营各方都可对合营企业的帐目进行检查，所需费用由查帐方自行负担。检查发现的问题需要企业处理的，应及时提交企业研究处理。
第七十五条 合营企业应对查帐人员提供所需要的凭证、帐簿和有关资料。查帐人员应负责保密。

第十五章 会计档案
第七十六条 合营企业的会计凭证、会计帐簿和会计报表等各种会计档案，必须在中华人民共和国境内妥善保管，不得丢失损坏。
第七十七条 合营企业的年度会计报表，以及与合营各方权益有关的重要会计档案，如合营协议、合营合同、合营章程、董事会决议、投资估价清单、验资证明、会计师查帐报告、签订的长期经济合同等，必须永久保存。一般会计凭证、会计帐簿和月份、季度会计报表至少保存十五年
。
第七十八条 会计档案保存期满需要销毁时，应抄具清单，报经董事会、主管部门和税务机关同意后，才能销毁。销毁会计档案的清单应永久保存。

第十六章 解散与清算
第七十九条 合营企业合同期满或提前终止合同宣布解散，进行清算时，由清算委员会对企业的财产、物资、债权、债务进行全面清查，编制资产负债表和财产目录，提出财产作价和计算依据，制订清算方案，报经董事会讨论通过后，处理财产物资，收回债权，缴纳应交税金，清偿债
务，妥善解决各项遗留问题。
第八十条 合营企业办理解散清算所发生的清算费用和清算委员会成员的酬劳，应从企业现存的财产中优先支付。
第八十一条 合营企业在清算过程中所发生的清算收益，除去清算费用和各项清算损失后的清算净收益，应视同利润处理。
第八十二条 合营企业的剩余财产，除合营企业的协议、合同、章程另有规定者外，应按合营各方的出资比例进行分配。
第八十三条 合营企业解散、清算的会计报表，应经中华人民共和国政府批准的注册会计师进行审查，并出具证明方为有效。
第八十四条 合营企业解散后，各项帐册及文件应交由原中国合营者保存。

第十七章 附 则
第八十五条 本制度由中华人民共和国财政部制定。本制度所根据的中华人民共和国法律、法规等有关规定，以后如有改变，应按新的规定办理；如果本制度需要作相应的变更时，由中华人民共和国财政部修订。
第八十六条 在经济特区设立的合营企业，如中华人民共和国全国人民代表大会、全国人民代表大会常务委员会和国务院通过的法律、法规另有规定的，从其规定。
第八十七条 本制度的解释权属中华人民共和国财政部。
第八十八条 本制度自一九八五年七月一日起施行。


(Promulgated on March 4, 1985 by the Ministry of Finance of thePeople's Republic of China)

Whole document

The Accounting Regulations of the People's Republic of China for
the Joint Ventures Using Chinese and Foreign Investment
(Promulgated on March 4, 1985 by the Ministry of Finance of the
People's Republic of China)

Chapter I General Provisions

Article 1
The present regulations are formulated to strengthen the accounting
work of the joint ventures using Chinese and foreign investment, in
accordance with the provisions laid down in "The Law of the People's
Republic of China on Joint Ventures Using Chinese and Foreign Investment",
"The Income Tax Law of the People's Republic of China Concerning Joint
Ventures With Chinese and Foreign Investment" and other relevant laws and
regulations.
Article 2
These regulations are applicable to all joint ventures using Chinese
and foreign investment (hereinafter referred to as joint ventures)
established within the territory of the People's Republic of China.
Article 3
The public finance departments or bureaus of provinces, autonomous
regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government as well
as the business regulatory departments of the State Council shall be
permitted to make necessary supplements to these regulations on the basis
of complying with these regulations and in the light of specific
circumstances, and submit the supplements to the Ministry of Finance for
the record.
Article 4
A joint venture shall work out its own enterprise accounting system in
accordance with these regulations and the supplementary provisions made by
the public finance department or bureau of the province, autonomous
region or municipality, or by the relevant business regulatory departments
of the State Council, and in the light of the specific circumstances and
submit its own system to the enterprise regulatory department, local
public finance department and tax authority for the record.

Chapter II Accounting Office and Accounting Staff

Article 5
A joint venture shall set up a separate accounting office with
necessary accounting staff to handle its financial and accounting work.
Article 6
A joint venture of large or medium size shall have a controller to
assist the president and take the responsibility in leading its financial
and accounting work. A deputy controller may also be appointed when
necessary.
A joint venture of relatively large size shall have an auditor
responsible for review and examination of its financial receipts and
disbursements, accounting documents, accounting books, accounting
statements and other relevant data and those of its subordinate branches.
Article 7
The accounting office and accounting staff of a joint venture shall
fulfill their duties and responsibilities with due care, make accurate
calculation, reflect faithfully the actual conditions, and supervise
strictly over all economic transactions, protect the legitimate rights
and interests of all the participants of the joint venture.
Article 8
Accounting staff who are transferred or leaving their posts shall
clear their responsibility transfer procedures with those who are assuming
their positions, and shall not interrupt the accounting work.

Chapter III General Principles for Accounting

Article 9
The accounting work of a joint venture must comply with the laws and
regulations of the People's Republic of China.
Article 10
The fiscal year of a joint venture shall run from January 1 to
December 31 under the Gregorian calendar.
Article 11
A joint venture shall adopt the debit and credit double entry
bookkeeping.
Article 12
The accounting documents, accounting books, accounting statements and
the other accounting records of a joint venture shall be prepared
accurately and promptly according to the transactions actually taken
place, with all required routines done and contents complete.
Article 13
All the accounting documents, accounting books and accounting
statements prepared by a joint venture must be written in Chinese. A
foreign language mutually agreed by the participants of the joint venture
may be used concurrently.
Article 14
In principle, a joint venture shall adopt Renminbi as its bookkeeping
base currency. However, a foreign currency may be used as the bookkeeping
base currency upon mutual agreement of the participants of a joint
venture.
If actual receipts or disbursements of cash, bank deposits, other cash
holdings, claims, debts, income and expenses, etc., are made in currencies
other than the bookkeeping base currency, record shall also be made in the
currencies of actual receipts or disbursements.
Article 15
A joint venture shall adopt the accrual basis in its accounting. All
revenues realized and expenses incurred during the current period shall be
recognized in the current period, regardless of whether the receipts or
disbursements are made. The revenues or expenses not attributable to the
current period shall not be recognized as current revenue or expenses,
even if they are currently received or disbursed.
Article 16
The revenues and expenses of a joint venture must be matched in its
accounting. All the revenues and relevant cost and expenses of a period
shall be recognized in the period and shall not be dislocated, advanced
or deferred.

Article 17
All the assets of a joint venture shall be stated at their original
costs and the recorded amounts are generally not adjusted whether there is
any fluctuation in their prices.
Article 18
A joint venture shall draw clear distinction between capital
expenditures and revenue expenditures. All expenditures incurred for the
increase of fixed assets and intangible assets are capital expenditures.
All expenditures incurred to obtain current revenue are revenue
expenditures.
Article 19
Accounting methods adopted by a joint venture shall be consistent from
one period to the other and shall not be arbitrarily changed. Changes, if
any, shall be approved by the board of directors and submitted to the
local tax authority for examination. Disclosure of the changes shall be
made in the accounting report.

Chapter IV Accounting for Paid-in Capital

Article 20
The participants of a joint venture shall contribute their share
capital in the amount, ratio and mode of capital contribution within the
stipulated time limit as provided in the joint venture contract. The
accounting for paid-in capital by a joint venture shall be based on the
actual amount contributed by each of its participants.
(1) For investment made in cash, the amount and date as received or as
deposited into the Bank of China or other banks where the joint venture
has opened its bank account shall be the basis for recording the capital
contribution.
The foreign currency contributed by a foreign participant shall be
converted into Renminbi or further converted into a predetermined foreign
currency at the exchange rates quoted on the day of the cash payment by
the State Administration of Foreign Exchange Control of the People's
Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the State Administration of
Foreign Exchange Control). Should the cash Renminbi contributed by a
Chinese participant be converted into foreign currency, it shall be
converted at the exchange rate quoted by the State Administration of
Foreign Exchange Control on the day of the cash payment.
(2) For investment in the form of buildings, machinery, equipment,
materials and supplies, the amount shown on the examined and verified
itemization list of the assets as agreed upon by each participant
according to the joint venture contract and the date of the receipt of the
assets shall be the basis of accounting.
(3) For investment in the form of intangible assets, i.e.,
proprietary technology, patents, trademarks, copyrights and other
franchises, etc., the amount and date as provided in the agreement or
contract shall be the basis of accounting.
(4) For investment in the form of the right to use sites, the amount
and date as provided in the agreement or contract shall be the basis of
accounting.
The capital contributed by each participant shall be recorded into the
accounts of the joint venture as soon as received.
Article 21
The capital amount contributed by the participants of a joint venture
shall be verified by Certified Public Accountants registered with the
government of the People's Republic of China, who shall render a
certificate on capital verification, which shall then be taken by the
joint venture as the basis to issue capital contribution certificates to
the participants.

Chapter V Accounting for Cash and Current Accounts

Article 22
A joint venture shall open its deposit accounts in the Bank of China
within the territory of the People's Republic of China or the other banks
approved by the State Administration of Foreign Exchange Control or by one
of its branches. All foreign exchange receipts must be deposited with the
bank in the foreign currency deposit accounts and all foreign exchange
disbursements must be made from the accounts.
Article 23
A joint venture shall set up journals to itemize cash and bank
transactions in chronological order. A separate journal shall be set up
for each currency if there are several currencies.
Article 24
The accounts receivable, accounts payable and other receivable and
payable of a joint venture shall be recorded in separate accounts set up
for different currencies. Receivable shall be collected and payable shall
be paid in due time and shall be confirmed with the relevant parties
periodically. The causes of uncollectable items shall be investigated and
the responsibilities thereof shall be determined. Any item proved to be
definitely uncollectable through strict management review shall be written
off as bad debts after approval is obtained through reporting procedures
specified by the board of directors. No "reserve for bad debts" shall be
accrued.

Article 25
In a joint venture using Renminbi as its bookkeeping base currency,
its foreign currency deposits, foreign currency loans and other accounts
denominated in any foreign currency shall be recorded not only in the
original foreign currency of the actual receipts and payments, but also in
Renminbi converted from foreign currency at an ascertained exchange rate
(as certain according to the exchange rate quoted by the State
Administration of Foreign Exchange Control).
All additions of foreign currency deposits, foreign currency loans and
other accounts denominated in foreign currencies shall be recorded in
Renminbi converted at their recording exchange rates. While deductions
shall be recorded in Renminbi converted at their book exchange rates.
Differences in the Renminbi amount resulting from the conversion at
different exchange rates shall be recognized as "foreign exchange gains or
losses" (hereinafter referred to as "exchange gains or losses") and
included in the current income.
The recording exchange rate for the conversion of foreign currency to
Renminbi may be the rate prevailing on the day of the transaction or on
the first day of the month, etc. The book exchange rate may be calculated
by the first-in first-out method, or by the weighted average method, etc.
However, for the decrease of accounts denominated in a foreign currency,
the original recording rate may be used as the book rate. Whichever rate
is adopted, there shall be no arbitrary change once it is decided. If any
change is necessary, it must be approved by the board of directors and
disclosed in the accounting report.
The differences in Renminbi resulting from the exchange transactions
of different currencies shall also be recognized as exchange gains or
losses.
The exchange gains or losses recognized in the account shall be the
realized amounts. In case of exchange rate fluctuation, the Renminbi
balances of the foreign currency accounts shall not be adjusted.

Article 26
In a joint venture using a foreign currency as its bookkeeping base
currency, its Renminbi deposits, Renminbi loans and other accounts
denominated in Renminbi shall be recorded not only in Renminbi but also in
the foreign currency converted at the exchange rate adopted by the
enterprise. Differences in the foreign currency amount resulting from the
conversion shall also be recognized as exchange gains or losses as
stipulated in Article 25.
A joint venture using a foreign currency as its bookkeeping base
currency shall compile not only annual accounting statements in the
foreign currency but also separate accounting statements in Renminbi
translated from the foreign currency at the end of a year. However, the
joint venture's Renminbi bank deposits, Renminbi bank loans and the other
accounts denominated in Renminbi shall still be accounted for in their
original Renminbi amounts, and be combined with the other accounts
converted into Renminbi from the foreign currency. The differences between
the original Renminbi amounts of the Renminbi items and their Renminbi
amounts from currency translation shall not be recognized as foreign
exchange gains or losses, but shall be shown on the balance sheet with an
additional caption as "currency translation differences".

Chapter VI Accounting for Inventories

Article 27
The inventories of a joint venture refer to merchandise, materials and
supplies, containers, low-value and perishable articles, work in process,
semi-finished goods, finished goods, etc., in stock, in processing or in
transit.
Article 28
All the inventories of a joint venture shall be recorded at the actual
cost.
(1) The actual cost of materials and supplies, containers and
low-value and perishable articles purchased from outside, shall include
the purchase price, transportation expenses, loading and unloading
charges, packaging expenses, insurance premium, reasonable loss during
transit, selecting and sorting expenses before taken into storage, etc.
The cost of imported goods shall further include the custom duties and
industrial and commercial consolidated tax, etc.
For merchandise purchased by a commercial or service type enterprise,
the original purchase price shall be taken as the actual cost for
bookkeeping.
(2) The actual cost of self manufactured materials and supplies,
containers, low-value and perishable articles, semi-finished goods and
finished goods shall include the materials and supplies consumed, wages
and relevant expenses incurred during the manufacture process.
(3) The actual cost of materials and supplies, containers, low-value
and perishable articles, semi-finished and finished goods completed
through outside processing shall include the original cost of the
materials and supplies or semi-finished goods consumed, the processing
expenses, inward and outward transportation expenses and sundry charges.
The merchandise of the commercial or service type enterprises
processed under contract with outside units shall be recorded at the
purchase price after processing, including the original purchase price of
the merchandise before processing, processing expenses and the industrial
and commercial consolidated tax attributable.
Article 29
The receipt, issuance, requisition and return of the inventories of a
joint venture shall be timely processed through accounting procedures
according to the actual quantity and shall be itemized in the subsidiary
ledger accounts with established columns for quantity and amount, so as to
strengthen the inventory control. The merchandise, materials, etc., in
transit, shall be accounted for through subsidiary ledgers and their
condition of arrival shall be inspected at all times. For those goods not
arrived in due time, the relevant department shall be urged to take
action. As to those goods that have arrived but not yet been checked or
taken into storage, their acceptance test and warehousing procedures shall
be carried out in a timely manner.

Article 30
The actual cost or original purchase price of inventories issued or
requisitioned from the store of a joint venture may be accounted for by it
under one of the following methods: first-in first-out, moving average,
weighted average, specific identification, etc. Once the accounting
method is adopted, no arbitrary change shall be allowed. In case a change
of accounting method is necessary, it shall be submitted to the local tax
authority for approval and disclosed in the accounting report.
Article 31
In the joint ventures using planned cost in daily accounting for
materials and supplies, finished goods, etc., the planned cost of those
issued from stock, shall be adjusted into actual cost at the end of each
month.
For the commercial and service type enterprises using selling price in
daily accounting for merchandise, the cost of goods sold shall be
adjusted from selling price to original purchase price at the end of a
month.
Article 32
A joint venture shall take physical inventory of its stock
periodically, at least once a year. If any overage, shortage, damage,
deterioration, etc., is found, the relevant department shall investigate
the cause and write out a report. Accounting treatment shall be made as
soon as the report is approved through strict management review and the
reporting procedures specified by the board of directors. The treatment
shall generally be completed before the annual closing of the final
accounts.
(1) The inventory shortage (minus inventory overage) and damage (minus
salvage) of materials and supplies, work in process, semi-finished goods,
finished goods, and merchandise, etc., shall be charged to the current
expenses, except the amount, if any, that should be indemnified by the
persons in fault.
(2) The net loss resulting from natural disasters shall be charged to
non-operating expenses after deducting the salvage value recoverable and
insurance indemnity.
Article 33
If there is any inventory in a joint venture to be disposed of at a
reduced price due to obsolescence, it shall be reported for approval
according to the procedures specified by the board of directors, and the
net loss on disposal shall be recognized as loss on sales. If the disposal
is not yet done before the annual closing of the final accounts,
disclosure shall be made in the annual accounting report for the actual
cost per book, the net realizable value and the probable loss thereof.

Article 34
Disclosure shall be made in the annual accounting report of a joint
venture on the actual cost per book, net realizable value and probable
loss of its inventories of which the net realizable value is lower than
the actual cost per book due to the decline of the market price.

Chapter VII. Accounting for Long-term Investment and Long-term Liabilities

Article 35
The investment of a joint venture in other units shall be accounted
for at the amount paid or agreed upon at the time of the investment, and
shall be shown on the balance sheet with a separate caption as "long-term
investment".
Income and loss derived from long-term investments shall be recognized
as non-operating income or non-operating expense.
Article 36
The bank loans borrowed by a joint venture for capital construction
during its preparation period or for increasing fixed assets, expanding
its business, or making renovation and reform of its equipment after its
operation started, shall be accounted for at the amount and on the date of
the loan and shall be presented in the balance sheet with a separate
caption as "long-term bank loans".
The interest expenses on the long-term bank loans incurred during the
construction period shall be charged to construction cost and capitalized
as a part of the original cost of the fixed assets; but interest expenses
incurred after the completion of the construction and the transfer of
fixed assets for operation purpose shall be charged to current expenses.

Chapter VIII Accounting for Fixed Assets

Article 37
A joint venture shall prepare a fixed assets catalogue as the basis of
accounting according to the criteria of fixed assets laid down in "The
Income Tax Law Concerning Joint Ventures With Chinese and Foreign
Investment" and in consideration of its specific circumstances.
Article 38
The fixed assets of a joint venture shall be grouped into five broad
categories as follows: building and structures; machinery and equipment;
electronic equipment; transport facilities (trains or ships, if any, shall
be grouped separately); and other equipment. The joint venture may further
group them into sub-categories according to the needs of its management.
Article 39
The fixed assets of a joint venture shall be recorded at their
original cost.
For fixed assets contributed as investment, the original cost shall be
the price of the assets agreed upon by all the participants of the joint
venture at the time of investment.
For fixed assets purchased, the original cost shall be the total of
the purchase price plus freight, loading and unloading charges, packaging
expenses and insurance premium, etc. The original cost of the fixed assets
that need installation work, shall include installation expenses. The
original cost of imported equipment shall further include the custom
duties, industrial and commercial consolidated tax, etc., paid as
required.
For fixed assets manufactured or constructed by the joint venture
itself, the original cost shall be the actual expenditures incurred in the
course of manufacture or construction.
Expenditures of a joint venture on technical innovation and reform
that result in the increase of the fixed assets' value shall be recorded
as increments of the original cost of the fixed assets.

Article 40
Depreciation on the fixed assets of a joint venture shall generally be
accounted for on an average basis under the straight line method.
(1) Depreciation on fixed assets shall be accounted for on the basis
of the original cost and the group depreciation rate of the fixed assets.
Depreciation rate of the fixed assets shall be calculated and
determined on the basis of the original cost, estimated residual value
and the useful life of the fixed assets.
A joint venture shall determine the specific useful lives and
depreciation rates for different groups of fixed assets according to the
minimum depreciation period and the estimated residual value of the fixed
assets as provided in "The Income Tax Law Concerning Joint Ventures With
Chinese and Foreign Investment".
(2) In case a joint venture needs accelerated depreciation or change
of depreciation method for special reasons, application shall be submitted
by the joint venture to the tax authority for examination and approval.
(3) Generally, depreciation of the fixed assets of a joint venture
shall be accounted for monthly according to the monthly depreciation rates
and the monthly beginning balances of the original cost per book of the
fixed assets in use. For fixed assets put in use during a month,
depreciation shall not be calculated for the month but shall be started
from the next month. For fixed assets reduced or stopped to be used during
the month, depreciation shall still be calculated for the month and be
stopped from the next month.
(4) For the fixed assets fully depreciated but still useful,
depreciation shall no longer be calculated. For the fixed assets discarded
in advance, no retroactive depreciation shall be made either.
For the fixed assets declared scrap in advance or transferred out, the
difference between the net proceeds obtained from disposal (less
liquidation expenses) and the net value of the fixed assets (original cost
less accumulated depreciation) shall be recognized as non-operating
income or non-operating expenses of a joint venture.

Article 41
For the purchase, sales, disposal, discarding and internal transfer,
etc., of the fixed assets, a joint venture must execute accounting
routines and set up fixed assets subsidiary ledger for the relevant
accounting so as to strengthen the control of fixed assets.
Article 42
Physical inventory must be taken of the fixed assets of a joint
venture at least once a year. If any overage, shortage or damage of the
fixed assets is found, the cause shall be investigated and a report be
written out by the relevant department. Accounting treatment shall be made
as soon as the report is approved through strict management review and the
reporting procedures specified by the board of directors. Generally, this
work shall be finished before the annual closing of the final accounts.
(1) For fixed assets overage, the replacement cost shall be taken as
the original cost, the accumulated depreciation shall be estimated and
recorded according to the existing usability and wear and tear of the
assets, and the difference between the original cost and the accumulated
depreciation shall be credited to non-operating income.
(2) For fixed assets shortage, the original cost and accumulated
depreciation shall be written off and the excess of original cost over
accumulated depreciation shall be charged as non-operating expenses.
(3) For damaged fixed assets, the net loss after the original cost
deducted by the accumulated depreciation, recoverable salvage value and
the indemnity receivable from the persons in fault or from the insurance
company, shall be charged as non-operating expenses.

Chapter IX Accounting for Intangible Assets and Other Assets

Article 43
The intangible assets and other assets of a joint venture include
proprietary technology, patents, trademarks, copyrights, right to use
sites, other franchises and organization expenses, etc.
For intangible assets contributed as investment by the participants of
a joint venture, the original cost shall be the value provided in the
agreement or contract. The original cost of purchased intangible assets
shall be the amount actually paid. Monthly amortization of an intangible
asset shall be made over its useful life from the year when it come into
use. The one without specified useful life may be amortized over ten
years. The amortization period shall not be longer than the duration of a
joint venture.
Article 44
The expenses incurred by a joint venture during its preparation period
(not including expenditures for acquiring fixed assets and intangible
assets and the interest incurred during the construction period to be
included in the construction cost) may be accounted for as organization
expenses according to the provisions of the agreement and with the consent
of all participants, and shall be amortized after the production or
operation starts. The annual amortization shall not exceed 20 percent of
the expenses.
Article 45
The expenditures incurred by a joint venture on major repair and
improvement of the fixed assets held under lease shall be amortized over
the period benefited from such expenditures. However, the amortization
period shall not be longer than the lease term of the fixed assets.

Chapter X Accounting for Cost and Expenses

Article 46
The joint ventures shall maintain complete original records, practise
norm control, adhere strictly to the procedures of measuring, checking,
receiving, issuing, requisitioning and returning of goods and materials,
strengthen the control of and accounting for cost and expenses.
Article 47
All expenditures of a joint venture related to production or operation
shall be recognized as its cost or expenses.
Materials consumed by a joint venture in the course of production or
operation shall be correctly calculated and charged to cost or expenses
according to the quantity actually consumed and the price per book.
Wages and salaries of the staff and workers shall be calculated
according to the provisions in the contract and the decisions of the board
of directors on the system of wage standard, wage form, bonus and
allowance, etc., as well as the attendance records, time cards and
production records, and charged to the cost or expenses. Payment as
required on labour insurance, health and welfare benefits and government
subsidies, etc., for the Chinese staff and workers, shall also be charged
to cost or expenses as the same item as wages and salaries.
All other expenses incurred by a joint venture in the course of
production or operation shall be charged to cost or expenses according to
the amount actually incurred. The expenses attributable to the current
period but not yet paid shall be recognized as accrued expenses and
charged to the cost or expenses of the current period; however, the
expenses paid but attributable to the current and future periods shall be
recognized as deferred charges and amortized to the cost or expenses of
the relevant periods.

Article 48
A joint venture shall summarize all the expenses incurred in the
course of production or operation according to the specified cost and
expense items.
(1) The production cost items of an industrial joint venture shall
generally be classified into: direct materials, direct labour, and
manufacturing overhead. A joint venture may set up additional items for
fuel and power, outside processing cost, special instruments, etc.,
according to its actual needs.
Manufacturing overhead refers to those expenses arising from
organizing and controlling production by workshops and factory
administrative departments, including expenses for salaries and wages,
depreciation, repairs and maintenance, materials consumed, labour
protection, water and electricity, office supplies, traveling,
transportation, insurance and so on.
Selling and general administrative expenses of an industrial joint
venture shall be accounted for separately and shall not be included in the
production cost of products.
Selling expenses refer to those expenses incurred in selling products
and attributable to the enterprise, including expenses for
transportation, loading and unloading, packaging, insurance, traveling,
commission and advertising, as well as salaries and wages and other
expenses of specially established sales organs, etc.
General and administrative expenses include company headquarters
expenses (salaries & wages, etc.), labour union dues, interest expense
(less interest income), exchange loss (less exchange gains), expenses of
board of directors' meetings, advisory fee, entertainment expenses, taxes
(including urban building and land tax, license tax for vehicles and
vessels, etc.), amortization of organization expenses, expenses for staff
and workers' training, research and development expenses, fee for the use
of site, fee for the transfer of technology, amortization of intangible
assets and other administrative expenses.
(2) Expenses of the commercial enterprises incurred in the course of
operation include purchasing expenses, selling expenses and administrative
expenses.
Purchasing expenses include those expenses incurred in the process of
merchandise purchase, such as expenses for transportation, loading and
unloading, packaging, insurance, reasonable loss during transit,
selecting and sorting before warehousing.
Selling expenses include those expenses incurred in the course of
merchandise sales and attributable to the joint venture, such as expenses
for transportation, loading and unloading, packaging, insurance,
traveling, commission, advertising, and salaries and wages and other
expenses of sales organs, etc.
Administrative expenses include those expenses incurred in the course
of merchandise storage, and the expenses of the enterprise administrative
departments, such as expenses for salaries and wages, depreciation,
repairs and maintenance, materials consumed, labour protection, office
supplies, traveling, transportation, insurance, labour union dues,
interest expense (less interest income), exchange loss (less exchange
gains), expenses of board of directors' meetings, advisory fee,
entertainment, taxes, fee for the use of sites, expenses for staff and
workers' training and other administrative expenses.
(3) Expenses of the service type enterprises incurred in the course of
operation include operating expenses and administrative expenses.
The operating expenses include various expenses incurred in business
operation and may be summarized separately for different kinds of service.
The administrative expenses include various expenses incurred for the
administration of the enterprise.
A joint venture other than the above mentioned types shall account for
its expenses with reference to the above provisions.

Article 49
A joint venture must distinguish the cost and expenses of the current
period from that of the ensuing period. Neither accrual nor amortization
shall be made arbitrarily. The cost and expenses of different internal
departments shall be distinguished from each other and shall not be mixed
up. An industrial joint venture shall distinguish the cost of work in
process from the cost of finished goods and the cost of one product from
that of the other. Neither the cost of work in process nor the cost of
finished goods shall be arbitrarily increased or decreased.

Article 50
A joint venture shall select the methods of costing and of expense
allocation appropriate to the characteristics of its production and
operation, its type of product and its purpose of service.
An industrial joint venture may select one or more than one of the
following methods for its cost accounting: product type costing, job order
costing, process costing, product category costing, norm costing and
standard costing.
For an enterprise adopting the norm costing or the standard costing in
accounting for product cost, the variances between actual cost and norm
cost or between actual cost and standard cost shall generally be allocated
according to the proportion of the products sold during a month and the
products held at the end of the month.
Once the cost accounting method or the cost variance allocation method
is adopted, no arbitrary change shall be allowed. If a change is
necessary, it shall be approved by the board of directors, reported to the
local tax authority for examination and disclosed in the accounting
report.
Article 51
A joint venture shall strengthen the control over cost and expenses,
establish responsibility cost system, formulate plans on cost and
expenses, control the expenditures at all times in accordance with the
plans, evaluate the condition in implementing the plans periodically,
analyze the cause of fluctuation in cost and expenses, take appropriate
actions to reduce the cost and expenses and to improve the operation and
administration of the enterprise.

Chapter XI Accounting for Sales and Profit

Article 52
The sales of merchandise, products and services of a joint venture
shall be regarded as realized after merchandise and products are shipped,
services are rendered, invoices, bills and the bills of lading issued by
shipping agency and all other shipping documents are sent to the buyers or
are accepted by the bank for collection.
Under the condition of delivery upon payment, if the sales proceeds
are received, invoices and delivery orders are sent to the buyers, sales
shall be regarded as realized whether the goods are actually issued or
not.
Article 53
All the sales of a joint venture realized in a month shall be
recognized in the month, and the relevant cost of the sales and expenses
shall be transferred simultaneously. Revenue from sales must be matched
with the cost of sales and expenses attributable. It is not allowed to
recognize merely the sales revenue and disregard the relevant cost of
sales and expenses. On the other hand, it is not allowed to charge the
cost of sales and expenses without recognizing the relevant revenue from
sales.
Article 54
The sales returns of a joint venture occurred in a month shall reduce
the sales revenue and cost of sales of the month, regardless of to which
year the returned sales belong.
Sales allowances given to the buyers through negotiation due to
unsatisfactory quality of the merchandise or products sold or due to some
other reasons shall be deducted from sales revenue of the current month.

Article 55
A joint venture shall account for its profit every month. The joint
ventures in agriculture, animal husbandry, aquaculture and other
businesses that cannot account for profit monthly shall at least do their
accounting for profit at the end of a fiscal year.
Article 56
The elements of the profit of a joint venture are as follows:
(1) The profit of an industrial joint venture includes profit from
sales of products, profit on other operation, non-operating income and
expenses.
Profit from sales of products refers to the profit derived from the
products sold by the joint venture (including finished goods,
semi-finished goods and industrial services).
Profit from other operations refers to the profit of a joint venture
derived from rendering non-industrial services (such as transportation,
etc.) and from sales of surplus materials and purchased merchandise,
etc.
Non-operating income and expenses refer to the various gains and
losses other than profit from sales of products and from other operations,
including income from investment, loss on investment, income on disposal
of fixed assets, loss on disposal of fixed assets, penalty and fines
received, penalty and fines paid, donations contributed, bad debts,
extraordinary losses, etc.
(2) The profit of a commercial enterprise includes profit from sales,
profit from other operations and non-operating income and expenses.
Profit from sales refers to the profit derived from selling
merchandise.
Profit from other operations refers to the profit derived from
operations other than sales of merchandise (such as occasional repairs,
rental, etc.)
Non-operating income and expenses refer to gains and losses other than
profit from sales and from other operations including income from
investment, loss on investment, income on disposal of fixed assets, loss
on disposal of fixed assets, penalty and fines received, penalty and
fines paid donations contributed, bad debts, extraordinary losses, etc.
(3) Profit of a service type enterprise includes net operating income
and non-operating income and expenses.

Article 57
The profit distributable by a joint venture shall be the excess of its
net profit over income tax payable and the required provisions of reserve
fund, staff and workers' bonus and welfare fund and enterprise expansion
fund. It shall be distributed to the participants of the joint venture in
proportion to their shares of contributed capital if the board of
directors decides to make the distribution.
The reserve fund may be used as provisional financial cushion against
the possible loss of a joint venture. The staff and workers' bonus and
welfare fund shall be restricted to the payment of bonus and collective
welfare for staff and workers. The enterprise expansion fund may be used
to acquire fixed assets or to increase the working capital in order to
expand the production and operation of the joint venture.
Article 58
If a joint venture carries losses from the previous years, the profit
of the current year shall first be used to cover the losses. No profit
shall be distributed unless the deficit from the previous years is made
up.
The profit retained by a joint venture and carried over from the
previous years may be distributed together with the distributable profit
of the current year, or after the deficit of the current year is made up
therefrom.
Article 59
A joint venture shall compile a profit distribution program at the end
of a year, based on the profit or losses realized in the year and the
retained profit or deficit carried over from the previous years, and
submit the program to the board of directors for discussion and decision.
The distribution shall be recorded in the books of account and recognized
in the annual final accounts after the decision is made.

Chapter XII Classification of Accounts and Accounting Statements

Article 60
The rules on the classification of accounts and on the accounting
statements of the joint ventures shall be formulated by the Ministry of
Finance of the People's Republic of China, or by the relevant business
regulatory departments and submitted to the Ministry of Finance for
examination and approval.
A joint venture may supplement or omit the stipulated ledger accounts
and the stipulated items of the accounting statements according to its
specific circumstances, provided that it does not go against the
accounting requirements and the summarization of the indexes in the
accounting statements.
Article 61
The accounts of the joint ventures shall generally be classified
according to the operation and management needs into four broad
categories: Assets, liabilities, capital, profit & loss. Profit and loss
accounts may also be classified into income accounts and expenses
accounts. For industrial joint ventures, another category may be added
for cost accounts. The ledger accounts of a joint venture shall be coded
according to their classification.
Article 62
The accounting statements of a joint venture shall include:
(1) Balance sheet;
(2) Income statement;
(3) Statement of changes in financial position;
(4) Relevant supporting schedules.
A joint venture may add additional information in its accounting
statements after it is approved by all its participants, in order to meet
the need of the foreign participant's head office in consolidation of
financial statements.

Article 63
When a joint venture with subsidiary enterprises combines its
accounting statements with those of its subsidiaries, its funds
appropriated to and its current accounts with its subsidiaries shall be
offset against the corresponding items in the accounting statements of the
subsidiaries.
Article 64
On submitting its annual accounting statements, a joint venture shall
attach a descriptive overview of its financial condition, primarily
explaining:
(1) condition of production and operation;
(2) condition of realization and distribution of profit;
(3) condition of changes in capital and its turnover;
(4) condition of foreign exchange receipts and disbursements and their
equilibrium;
(5) condition of the payment of industrial and commercial consolidated
tax, income tax, fee for the use of site and fee for the transfer of
technology;
(6) condition of overage, shortage, deterioration, spoilage, damage
and write-off of different properties and supplies;
(7) other issues necessary for disclosure.
On submitting its quarterly statements, the joint venture shall also
explain special conditions, if any.

Article 65
The quarterly and annual accounting statements of a joint venture
shall be submitted to each participant of the joint venture, local tax
authority, the relevant business regulatory department of the joint
venture and the public finance department at the same level. The annual
accounting statements shall also be submitted to the original examination
and approval authority.
The quarterly accounting statements of a joint venture shall be
submitted within 20 days after the end of each quarter, and the annual
accounting statements shall be submitted together with the audit report
made by the Certified Public Accountants within four months after the end
of a year.
Article 66
The accounting statements of a joint venture shall be examined and
signed by its president and controller and shall be under the seal of the
joint venture.

Chapter XIII Accounting Documents & Accounting Books

Article 67
A joint venture must acquire or fill out original documents for every
transaction occurred. All the original documents must carry faithful
contents, evidences of all the required procedures and accurate figures.
Original documents from an outside unit must be signed and sealed by the
unit. The original documents shall be verified and signed by the head of
the department and the person responsible for handling the transaction.
A joint venture shall check and inspect the original documents
seriously. Any falsified or altered original document, or any fraudulent
application or request or other similar events must be rejected and
reported to the relevant party. The original documents with incomplete
contents, insufficient evidences of required procedures or inaccurate
figures shall be returned, amended or refilled. Only the original
documents examined and proved correct can be taken as the basis for
preparing accounting vouchers.
Article 68
The accounting vouchers of a joint venture include receipt voucher,
payment voucher, and transfer voucher. All vouchers must be filled out
with required contents and can be taken as the basis in bookkeeping only
after signed by the prepare, the designated verifier and the chief officer
of the financial and accounting office. A receipt or payment voucher shall
also be signed by the cashier.
Each kind of the accounting vouchers shall be filed according to its
sequential number and bound into books monthly together with the original
documents attached thereto, and shall be kept in safety without any loss
or damage. For the important documents concerning claims and debts that
need separate safe-keeping, cross reference shall be made on the original
documents of the transaction and on the related vouchers.
Article 69
A joint venture shall number sequentially all documents issued to the
outside, and retain its duplicate copy (or copies) or the stub. An
original of such document with clerical error or withdrawn for
cancellation shall be kept together with the duplicate or stub of the same
sequential number. If the original copy is missing or unable to be
recovered, the reason shall be noted on the duplicate or stub.
Article 70
All the blank forms of important documents, such as check books, cash
receipts, delivery orders, etc., shall be registered in a special
registration book by the financial and accounting office. Requisition of
those blank forms shall be approved by the chief officer or a designated
person of the financial and accounting office, and the person making the
requisition shall sign on the registration book for receiving the forms.

Article 71
A joint venture shall set up three kinds of primary accounting books,
namely, journals, general ledger and subsidiary ledgers, as well as
appropriate supplementary memorandum books.
All the books shall be kept with complete records, accurate figures,
clear description and prompt registration, on the basis of the examined
original documents and vouchers or summaries of vouchers that are proved
correct.
No record in the books of a joint venture shall be scraped, mended,
altered or eliminated by correction fluid. When an error is made,
amendment shall be made by crossing off the error or by preparing
additional vouchers according to the nature and circumstances of the
error. When the crossing method of amendment is used, the person making
the correction shall sign on the place of amendment.
Article 72
A joint venture keeping its accounts by electronic computer shall
maintain properly its accounting records stored in or printed out by the
computer and shall regard such records as accounting books. The tapes,
discs, etc., shall be kept and no deletion shall be allowed unless the
records in them are printed out in visible form.

Chapter XIV Audit

Article 73
A joint venture shall engage the Certified Public Accountants
registered with the government of the People's Republic of China to audit
its annual accounting statements and the books of account of the year and
to issue an auditor's report, according to the provisions of "The Income
Tax Law Concerning Joint Ventures With Chinese and Foreign Investment".
Article 74
Each participant of a joint venture may audit the accounts of the
joint venture. The expenses thereon shall be paid by the participant
making the audit. Any problem noted in the audit that needs to be resolved
by the joint venture shall be submitted to the joint venture in a timely
manner for discussion and resolution.
Article 75
A joint venture shall furnish its auditors with all the documents,
books and other relevant data as needed by them. The auditors shall be
responsible for maintaining confidentiality.

Chapter XV Accounting Files

Article 76
The accounting files of a joint venture, including accounting
documents, accounting books, accounting statements, etc., must be
appropriately kept within the territory of the People's Republic of China.
No loss nor spoilage shall be allowed.
Article 77
The annual accounting statements and all other important accounting
files relevant to the rights and interests of all the participants of a
joint venture, such as joint venture agreement, joint venture contract,
articles of association of the joint venture, resolutions of the board of
directors, investment appraisal list, certificate on capital verification,
auditing report of the Certified Public Accountants, long term economic
contracts, etc., must be kept permanently. General accounting documents,
accounting books and monthly and quarterly accounting statements shall be
kept for at least 15 years.
Article 78
If the accounting files need to be destroyed after the expiration of
the retention period, an itemized list of the files to be destroyed shall
be prepared and reported to the board of directors, business regulatory
department and tax authority for approval. No files can be destroyed
unless such list is approved. The list of destroyed accounting files must
be kept permanently.

Chapter XVI Dissolution and Liquidation

Article 79
When a joint venture declare dissolution and goes into liquidation on
or before the expiration of the joint venture contract, a liquidation
committee shall be formed to conduct an overall check of the assets of the
joint venture and its claims and debts, to prepare a balance sheet and a
detailed list of assets, to suggest a basis for the valuation and
calculation of the assets and to formulate a plan for liquidation. After
the approval is obtained through reporting to the board of directors for
its discussion, the liquidation committee shall make disposal of the
assets, collect the claims, pay taxes and clear debts, and resolve all
remaining problems appropriately.
Article 80
The liquidation expenses of a joint venture and the remuneration to
its liquidation committee members shall be given priority in making
payments from the existing assets of the joint venture.
Article 81
The net liquidation income, i.e., the liquidation income in the
process of the liquidation of a joint venture less the liquidation
expenses and various liquidation losses, shall be dealt with as the profit
of the joint venture.
Article 82
The assets of a joint venture left over after the clearance of all its
debts shall be distributed among the participants of the joint venture
according to the proportion of each participant's investment contribution,
unless otherwise provided by the agreement, contract or articles of
association of the joint venture.
Article 83
The accounting statements on dissolution and liquidation of a joint
venture shall be valid only after an examination is made and a certificate
is issued by the Certified Public Accountants registered with the
government of the People's Republic of China.
Article 84
After the dissolution of a joint venture, its accounting books and all
other documents shall be left in the care of the Chinese participant.

Chapter XVII Other Provisions

Article 85
The present regulations are formulated by the Ministry of Finance of
the People's Republic of China. If there is any change in the laws,
regulations and other relevant provisions of the People's Republic of
China on which these regulations are based, the new provisions shall
govern. If the present regulations need corresponding amendment, it shall
be made by the Ministry of Finance of the People's Republic of China.
Article 86
For the joint ventures established in the special economic zones, if
there are special provisions in the laws or regulations adopted by the
National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China or its
Standing Committee, or by the State Council, such provisions shall be
followed.
Article 87
The right to interpret these regulations resides in the Ministry of
Finance of the People's Republic of China.
Article 88
The present regulations shall be implemented on and after July 1,
1985.





1985年3月4日
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